January 29, 1963 FOMC Minutes: Full Text
A meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee was held in the offices of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington on Tuesday, January 29, 1963, at 9:30 a.m. PRESENT: Mr. Martin, Chairman Mr. Hayes, Vice Chairman Mr. Balderston Mr. Bryan Mr. Deming Mr. Ellis Mr. Fulton Mr. Mills Mr. Mitchell Mr. Robertson Mr. Shepardson Messrs. Bopp, Clay, and Irons, Alternate Members of the Federal Open Market Committee Messrs. Wayne, Shuford, and Swan, Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of Richmond, St. Louis, and San Francisco, respectively Mr. Young, Secretary Mr. Sherman, Assistant Secretary Mr. Kenyon, Assistant Secretary Mr. Hackley, General Counsel Mr. Noyes, Economist Messrs. Brandt, Brill, Garvy, Holland, Koch, and Parsons, Associate Economists Mr. Stone, Manager, System Open Market Account Mr. Molony, Assistant to the Board of Governors Mr. Cardon, Legislative Counsel, Board of Governors Mr. Williams, Adviser, Division of Research and Statistics, Board of Governors Mr. Yager, Chief, Government Finance Section, of Research and Statistics, Board Division of Governors
Mr. Helmer, First Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Messrs. Sanford, Eastburn, Ratchford, Baughnan, Jones, Tow, and Green, Vice Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of New York, Philadelphia, Richmond, Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, and Dallas, respectively Mr. Lynn, Assistant Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Mr. Eisenmenger, Acting Director of Researcn, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Mr. Cooper, Manager, Securities Department, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Mr. Mann, Economist, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Upon motion duly made and seconded, and by unanimous vote, the minutes of the meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee held on December 18, 1962, were approved. The staff economic review at this meeting was in the form of a visual-auditory presentation, for which Messrs. Garfield, Altmann, Axilrod, and Reynolds of the Board's staff joined the meeting. The text of the introductory portion of the economic review, presented by Mr. Noyes, was as follows: domestic and international, is now The record for 1962, at hand--subject of course to revision. In consider largely record, one problem that has already emerged is the ing the figures for the amount of advance actually seemingly divergent achieved. Averaging the four quarters of each of the past two GNP measured in current dollars was up 7 per years together, cent from 1961 to 1962. But if one compares the fourth quarter of 1962 with the fourth quarter of 1961, the rate is only 4 per year of little change in prices, there cent. While 1962 was a especially in the cost of services. If one was some upcreep, adjusts for these price changes, the two figures decline to 5 and 3 per cent, respectively. And, of course, the population to grow, so that if one thinks of advance in terms continued of per capita GNP still another slice of the gain melts away, and we find ourselves with an improvement during 1962 of only
1 per cent in the real GNP per capita. It is relatively easy for anyone to find a perfectly good, honest figure that permits him to view the year with satisfaction, complacency, or concern. But it is worth noting that this is true largely because 1962 was a year of moderate advance following a period of rapid recovery. The second half of 1962 was a period of unusually little change, especially for industrial production, nonagricultural employment, and unemployment. Industrial prices continued to move within a very narrow range, as they had since early 1959. Despite little change in industrial activity and corporate profits in the second half, common stock prices advanced and now, with a further rise in January, they are two-thirds of the way back to their December 1961 high. In markets for funds, although the forces of demand and supply were so evenly balanced that interest rates changed little in 1962 as a whole, the volume of bank loans and mortgages rose sharply. sections on the current domestic demand situation There followed financial developments by Mr. Axilrod, balance of pay by Mr. Garfield, problems by Mr. Reynolds, and resource utilization, productivity, ments The text of the concluding portion of costs, and prices by Mr. Altmann. the review, presented by Mr. Koch, was as follows: The President's new tax cut proposal, taken by itself, increase the deficit regardless of the budget concept would in 1965, the proposed three-stage tax used, When completed likely reduce revenues by an estimated $10 program would the bulk of which would be in individ billion or so a year, considering the appropriateness of this tax ual taxes. In current conditions, it should be borne in mind cut under and a growing economy tend automatically to raise that time at current tax rates, and that current tax rates revenues sizable budget surplus under condi would likely produce a employment if current levels of tions of reasonable full spending did not increase. Government to be realized in fiscal 1964 The part of the tax cut reduce revenues by over $5 billion. would in itself likely be offset to a considerable extent in its effects This would by a proposed speed-up in corporate tax on the cash budget by anticipated increased revenues arising payments as well as
out of higher income levels. The net loss in revenues in fiscal 1964 is thus estimated at something like $2-3/4 billion, This loss in revenue, together with other elements influencing the cash budget, would entail a rise in the cash deficit from a projected $8-1/4 billion in the current fiscal year to about $10-1/4 billion in fiscal In the first half of the current calendar year the budget document projects a small cash surplus, but in the second half the deficit would be quite large since it would reflect not only the first stages of the new tax program but also the usual seasonal imbalance of receipts and expenditures. The surplus in the first half of this year would be accompanied by somewhat larger net debt repayments if the Treasury draws down its current relatively high cash balances. In the second half of the year, assuming little change in the cash balance, net cash borrowing would no doubt be consider ably larger than the $6.2 billion in the last half of calendar 1962 and might well exceed the postwar record of $9.2 billion in the last half of 1961. What are the implications for monetary policy of an enlarged deficit? This depends very much on the impact that the new fiscal program would have on economic developments. is a significant stimulative impact, we can expect If there enlarged credit demands from the private as well as the public sector, and consequent upward pressures on interest rates, even though financial savings are also likely to increase. How rapidly bank reserves should expand under those circumstances cannot be readily foretold for it depends on general economic conditions at the time, including the strength of private demands and developments in the balance of payments. It also depends on the lagged effects of the substantial bank credit and monetary expansion that has occurred in the last four months. assessment of recent monetary policy One's over-all fundamental concept of the as always, depend on his must, system. If he believes that for workings of the financial of maximum sustainable growth in economic activity support it is necessary, in the financial area, for the money supply in relation to the advance in to increase consistently might well be satisfied with the financial activity, then he In fact, in the light of the performance of recent months. he might feel that its pace recent rapid monetary expansion, ought to be tempered somewhat.
As another point of view, one's emphasis might be on interest rates and credit availability and their relation to the present state of economic activity. Accordingly, he might feel that monetary policy should operate to keep interest rates, particularly longer-term rates, under sus tained downward pressure and to make bank credit even more readily available until progress toward reasonably full utilization of resources is more clearly assured. Finally, one who feels that our persistent international payments imbalance has the danger of precipitating a dollar crisis in world markets may well emphasize the need for higher interest rates and reduced bank credit availability in order to curb significantly the outflow of funds abroad. He might also feel that the domestic economy is strong enough to absorb, and function satisfactorily under, con ditions of less monetary ease. As for current prospects, the indicators are mixed. Those that measure output and demand are not performing in a fashion that suggests any gathering upsurge in activity. On balance, the outlook seems to be for continued moderate expansion--with caution dictated by the fact that some of the strong elements in the economy that have sustained activity thus far, for example, autos and housing, are not likely to show any further increases in the near-term future. Key financial indicators, in contrast, are showing a strength that on occasion in the past has foreshadowed a pick-up in underlying economic activity. Recent heavy credit expansion, of course, may be serving mainly to keep the economy from actually turning down. As for the of any tax cut, these are not likely stimulative effects to appear for many months and the magnitude then is un balance of payments progress has been certain. The over-all below earlier optimistic hopes, partly because of the heavy longer term capital outflow. Very recently, payments has shown a fresh deterioration that thus disequilibrium far cannot be fully explained. These are the economic facts upon which current monetary based. Although there are differences of policy must be the most appropriate policy for the view on the staff as to speaking it is felt that from the near future, generally of domestic considerations a stimulative policy standpoint At the same time, the posture continues to be appropriate. that continuing adverse balance of payments staff recognizes developments are a matter of grave concern and that these work as a constraint on pursuit of a monetary developments course shaped solely to the needs of the domestic policy economy.
Thus, there does not appear to us anything in the developments of the last three weeks which dictates that a change in policy in either direction is urgent. This view is underlined by the heavy Treasury financing sched ule in prospect. Since maintenance of an even keel in money markets during this period is to be desired, any significant change in policy at this meeting would present difficult problems. Copies of the script of the economic presentation and of the accompanying charts have been placed in the files of the Open Market Committee. Before this meeting there had been distributed to the Committee a report from the Special Manager of the System Open Market Account on foreign exchange market conditions and on Open Market Account and Treasury operations in foreign currencies for the period January 8 through January 23, 1963, together with a supplementary report cover ing the period January 24 through January 28, 1963. Copies of these reports have been placed in the files of the Committee. In comments supplementing the written reports, Mr. Sanford noted that the exchange markets had in general been relatively quiet since the previous meeting of the Committee, although the pound ster ling and Canadian dollar markets were at times quite active. Sterling had shown strength early in the period, but this normal seasonal strength was subsequently offset by the difficulties encountered with Common Market. In the first to British entry into the European regard Bank of England acquired dollars in the process part of the period the in the sterling rate, but since then the British of moderating the rise
had lost dollars. The covered interest arbitrage differential moved from a position in favor of British Treasury bills to a slight dif ferential in favor of U. S. Treasury bills. At no stage, however, was there any particular incentive to move funds into or out of U. S. bills. Money, though, was continuing to move to London for the acquisition of hire-purchase paper, and to Canada for the purchase of finance and commercial paper. Also, loans by U. S. banks to foreign banks and acceptance credits continued to be reported in sizable volume. Foreign borrowers continued to tap the U. S. market with new issues, and more such borrowing was scheduled for the future. dollar eased off in the early days of the past The Canadian period, apparently reflecting market response to a speech by an opposition spokesman in which concern was expressed about the long-run success of the Government's economic program, as well as the Canadian and dividend payments to nonresidents customary at this time interest of year. Subsequently, the market for Canadian dollars firmed although the rate was still somewhat below the December considerably, in the Canadian dollar rate was associated high. The more recent advance long-term financing in the with reports of large impending Canadian United States. the Swiss franc and Dutch guilder Mr. Sanford also noted that rates had shown little net change for the past three-week period, while the French franc and the Italian lira hovered close to or at
their upper limits. The German mark, after showing a considerable decline from its year-end peak, had moved irregularly higher from the level reached in early January. The price of gold in the London market had fluctuated remark ably little. In general the market had been quiet, and on January 10 the price of gold dropped to the lowest point since December 1959. The announcement in early January of a series of new Indian controls on the buying, selling, and holding of gold had apparently dampened demand in the market. The gold pool had accumulated a moderately large quantity of gold during January. Turning to System foreign currency operations during the past three-week period, Mr. Sanford noted that on January 15 the Federal $25 million equivalent of sterling under its standby Reserve drew of England in anticipation of seasonal strength of swap with the Bank sterling and a possible need for System intervention in the market. offered $5.6 million, which the On January 25 the Bank of England the swap, at a rate slightly out of its drawing under System took up the rate at which the pounds were acquired in the swap better than drawing. the Bank of England about the With regard to negotiations with agreement between the Federal Reserve possibility of enlarging the swap million, as discussed at the that institution to perhaps $250 and reported that the matter on January 8, Mr. Sanford Committee meeting
was being actively considered by the Bark of England. However, the present situation with regard to the Common Market had injected a factor that undoubtedly was being taken into account in the Bank's thinking. Mr. Sanford commented that the swap arrangement with the National Bank of Belgium had been an example of use of a swap on a two-way basis. In the middle of the month the Belgians, apparently anticipating dollar needs, redeemed $5 million of the $50 million Treasury certificate of indebtedness that they held by virtue of the Federal Reserve drawing of an equivalent amount of Belgian francs in the Belgians developed some surplus June 1962. Yesterday, however, for value January 31 were reconstituting their Treasury dollars, and In addition, they were selling the Federal certificate investment. $5 million against Belgian francs held abroad. Reserve 17, Mr. Sanford noted, the Federal Reserve System On January $50 million three-month standby the Bank of Sweden entered into a and was authorized by the Open Market Com swap the negotiation of which On January 17, also, the meeting on December 4, 1962. mittee at the the German Federal Bank the Federal Reserve and standby swap between as authorized at the from $50 million to $150 million, was increased Pursuant to another authorization meeting on January 8, 1963. Committee 18 the Federal Reserve renewed for three at that meeting, on January arrangements with the Swiss National months each the $100 million swap
Bank and the Bank for International Settlements. It also renewed the outstanding drawings under those swaps in the amounts of $50 million and $35 million, respectively. In addition, pursuant to a further authorization given at the January 8 meeting, on January 18 the Federal Reserve renewed for three months the $150 million swap arrange ment with the Bank of Italy. On January 21 the System purchased a total of $50 million equivalent of lire and immediately applied the lire to the repayment of the $50 million drawing under the swap with the Bank of Italy. The swap, therefore, was now fully on a standby basis. Continuing, Mr. Sanford said that on January 24 the System purchased $50 million equivalent of Austrian schillings from the Austrian National Bank and used the proceeds to pay off the maturing drawing of $50 million under the swap arrangement with the National Bank. Thus, the swap arrangement shifted to a standby basis, and it was renewed for three months on that basis. The National Bank of indicated that it wished to buy $50 million of go.d Austria had now over the period of approximately the next four months. In response to a question by Mr. Mills about disposition of gold pool, Mr. Sanford commented that in December there gold in the accumulation which in January was distributed among the had been an month there would be a further accumulation, and participants. This there would probably be another distribution among the in February
members of the pool. Mr. Mills recalled that at the January 8 Committee meeting it was stated that the U. S. Treasury had relinquished its interest in the gold previously redistributed. He inquired as to the current intent of the Treasury. In reply, Mr. Sanford and Chairman Martin stated that this matter was presently under consideration by the Treasury, which had not yet made a decision. Mr. Mills inquired what amount of System swap drawings had in effect been funded by the Treasury. Mr. Sanford replied that the repayment of the $50 million drawing under the Italian swap had been made possible by a reversal of the previous flow of funds into Italy, and had coincided with an issue of U. S. Treasury securities associated financing of military purchases in the United States but with Italian even in this case there could not be said to have been direct Treasury funding of System swap drawings and to his knowledge there were no other Treasury fundings of swap drawings. Thereupon, upon motion duly made and seconded, and by unanimous vote, System Open Market Account trans the in foreign currencies during actions the period January 8 through January 28, 1963, were approved, ratified, and confirmed. the New York Reserve that on January 17, 1963, It was noted Open Market Committee on pursuant to action of the Bank advised that for a currency swap arrange December 4, 1962, authorizing negotiations an arrangement had been concluded the Bank of Sweden, such ment with Accordingly, Mr. Sherman, Assistant Secretary, for public announcement. on that date that the members by telegram notified the Committee
Committee's continuing authority directive on System foreign currency operations was amended by adding Swedish kronor to the list of cur rencies that the Federal Reserve Bank of New York was authorized and directed to purchase and sell through spot transactions in accordance with the Guidelines on System Foreign Currency Operations issued by the Federal Open Market Committee on February 13, 1962, and amended on November 13, 1962. As revised; the continuing authority directive read as follows: The Federal Reserve Bank of New York is authorized and directed to purchase and sell through spot transactions any or all of the following currencies in accordance with the on System Foreign Currency Operations issued by Guidelines Open Market Committee on February 13, 1962, and the Federal amended November 13, 1962: Pounds sterling French francs German marks Italian lire Netherlands guilders Swiss francs Belgian francs Canadian dollars Austrian schillings Swedish kronor at any one time shall not Total foreign currencies held exceed $1.3 billion. duly made and seconded, Upon motion vote, the action taken and by unanimous in sending the aforementioned telegram was ratified. for the certain recommendations then presented Mr. Sanford Committee's consideration.
First, he pointed out that the swap arrangements with the German Federal Bank and the Bank of France in the amounts of $150 million and $50 million, respectively, would mature February 4, 1963. He recommended their renewal on a standby basis for a further three months. Without objection, renewal of the swap agreements with the German Federal Bank and the Bank of France, as recommended by Mr. Sanford, was authorized. Second, Mr. Sanford recommended that the Committee authorize the sale, when timely and appropriate, of German marks now held in System Account to the Treasury for its Stabilization Fund at a pr.ce not less than the average price of acquisition by the Federal Reserve System. He pointed out that at present the System held $27 million equivalent of marks out of a total of $32 million acquired from the Stabilization Fund in February 1962. Provided the mark rate firmed a bit further from its present level--which was about 24.98 cents an average acquisition price of slightly over 25 cents--he against believed it would be desirable to sell a block of these marks--just how much he could not say at the moment--to the Treasury. The Treasury could then use those marks in making swaps with the Bank for Inter national Settlements for the purpose of acquiring Swiss francs, which were needed to meet obligations in the Swiss currency; or at least it would have the marks as cover against its Swiss franc obligations.
In discussion, Mr. Mitchell suggested that the Open Market Committee should not be bound by profit and loss considerations in a matter of this kind. If the Treasury believed it could work out of the Swiss situation by utilizing Germar marks, he would feel that the System should be prepared to make the marks available to the Treasury, irrespective of whether the mark rate moved up or not. There was indication of concurrence in this view. Accordingly, authorization was given to sell to the Treasury quantities of German marks out of the System's present holdings of $27 million equivalent if such marks should be desired by the Treasury. of the Committee then recessed in order that the The meeting members of the Board of Governors and the Reserve Bank Presidents might meet with the members of the House Banking and Currency Committee pursuant to arrangements made at the request of the Chairman of that Committee. The meeting reconvened at 12:20 p.m. with the same attendance. Before this meeting there had been distributed to the members of the Committee a report on open market operations in United States Government securities covering the period January 8 through January 23, 1963, and a supplementary report covering the period January 24 through 1963. Copies of both reports have been placed in the files January 28, of the Committee. Mr. Stone commented in supplementation of the written reports as follows:
The highlight of the bond market since the last meeting was the Treasury's sale on January 8 of $250 million long-term bonds at competitive bidding by underwriting syndicates. The thirty-year bonds were awarded to the winning group at an interest cost of a shade over 4 per cent and were publicly reoffered to investors at par to yield 4 per cent. The issue was quickly oversubscribed and rose to a premium in the market that same afternoon. This accomplishment was highly gratifying, both in terms of the keen competition generated among the bidders and the rapid distribution of the securities to investors. Most market participarts were much impressed by the results and are prepared for further trials of the technique, under varying circumstances, as the Treasury seeks to determine its usefulness as an additional means of market ing long-term obligations. Stimulated by the success of the auction, Treasury bond prices generally rose during the first part of the three-week period and the new 4 per cent bonds temporarily reached a bid quotation of almost 100-3/8. Around mid-January, however, a more cautious attitude pervaded the market under the influence of the President's tax and budget messages and the news that a continuing erosion of the gold stock might be expected to occur in early 1963 because of the persisting balance of payments deficit. Prices edged lower and most intermediate and long term issues were down 2/32 to 22/32 for the period, with the new 4 per cent bonds closing last night at 100-2/32 bid. The invigorating atmosphere produced by the Treasury's successful bond auction also carried over into the markets for corporate and municipal bonds. Bidding for new issues was fairly aggressive and a new Aa-rated corporate utility issue was reoffered to investors on January 15 at a yield of 4.20 per cent, the lowest yield on a comparable issue since mid 1958. Investors offered some resistance to the lower rate levels, however, and during the latter half of the month the corporate and municipal sectors, responding to the same developments that affected the Treasury bond market, became rather hesitant. Moreover, there have been several sizable new issues scheduled for the months ahead, although the immediate calendar of forthcoming offerings is not particularly heavy. In the short-term market, rates on Treasury bills fluctuated narrowly over the period, closing the interval very close to those prevailing at the start despite the fact that they typically undergo some seasonal downward movement during the early weeks of the year. In yesterday's auction the three month bills were sold at an average rate of 2.92 per cent--the
same as the average established in the auction three weeks ago. This relative stability of bill rates was the outcome of opposite forces of roughly equal strength. Tending to push rates lower was a generally good demand which, although it was not always vigorous enough to meet the market's hopes and expectations, was sufficient to reduce dealer bill positions noticeably. Offsetting the downward influence on rates, exerted by this demand, however, was an addition of $500 million to the roll-over of the January 15 bills and the announcement of a new issue of $1 billion June tax anticipation bills to be sold at auction tomorrow, with commercial banks not permitted to pay for the bills through credits to tax and loan accounts. In addition, the short term market, in company with the longer term sector, evidenced renewed concern over the balance of payments and the budgetary outlook. The availability of reserves since the last meeting turned out to be somewhat greater than in the preceding three-week period, owing in good part to the erratic behavior of float, which rose unusually high and stayed up unusually long. The money market nevertheless remained generally firm, and Federal funds traded at 3 per cent most of the time. Meanwhile, the expansion in seasonally adjusted total and required reserves continued. In closing I should note that the Treasury financing calendar will be full between now and the next meeting of the Committee. I have already mentioned the prospective sale of June tax bills tomorrow. And later this week the $1 billion announce the terms under which it will refund Treasury will billion February 15 maturities, of which $5.5 its $9.5 billion are publicly held. In discussion based on Mr. Stone's comments, Mr. Swan referred to the seasonal downward pressure on Treasury bill rates in the early calendar year. He had noticed that a year ago such weeks of the to have terminated by about the downward pressure appeared practically that would appear also to be true end of January. He inquired whether this year.
Mr. Stone replied that he thought the seasonal downward pressure did tend to terminate by about the end of January. Although a precise dating was difficult, the downward pressure tended to ease off after the first couple of weeks of the calendar year. Thereupon, upon motion duly made and seconded, and by unanimous vote, the open market transactions in Government securities during the period January through January 28, 1963, were approved, ratified, and confirmed. Under date of January 24, 1963, there had been distributed to the Committee a memorandum from Mr. Stone and Mr. Farrell, Director of the Board's Division of Bank Operations, suggesting a revision in procedures for allocation of participations in the System Open Market Account. The memorandum noted that when the present formula was adopted on March 6, 1962, it was pointed out that although the new procedure for reallocating participations at quarterly intervals (February, May, August, November) would tend more nearly to equalize gold reserve ratios (against notes and deposits combined) of the various Reserve Banks, occasional adjustments might still be necessary if, because of temporary conditions, a Bank's ratio should fall below 30 per cent just before a Federal Reserve weekly statement date or a month-end date. It was also noted that further deterioration in the combined reserve ratios of the twelve Banks might make it desirable to reduce the 30 per cent guidepost in the procedures. This point was mentioned again by the specified Account Manager at the Committee meeting on September 12, 1962. Reserve
ratios had in fact continued to decline; on one day in December the ratio for all Banks combined reached as low as 31.4 per cent. Individual banks had had ratios below 30 per cent on a number of Tuesdays and days pre ceding monthends; on Monday, January 14, one Reserve Bank had a ratio of only 25.7 per cent, the lowest in recent history. Since the adoption of the current plan last March, there had been 21 reallocations, 11 since the last regular quarterly reallocation on November 1, 1962. Some of the special reallocations could not be quickly reversed since the ratios of the Banks concerned remained relatively low for extended periods. The reserve ratio situation was most acute over the year end. Since then, there had been some improvement, but individual Banks continued to experience low ratios and special reallocations continued to be necessary. With the gold stock undergoing further erosion, it seemed likely that rather frequent special reallocations might still be necessary despite the seasonal drop in note and deposit liabilities. When that seasonal decline came to an end in the spring, the making of could become virtually a continuous process. special reallocations a practicable minimum the number of In order to reduce to it was proposed that sections 2 and 3 of the special reallocations, by substituting 28 per cent wherever 30 current procedures be amended sections. It was felt that such action per cent appeared in those few months perhaps eliminate, special reallocating would reduce, and for a If 28 per cent had been in effect since the new of the Account. adopted last March, no special reallocation would have procedures were
been required. Setting the figure at 28 per cent should not, at least for the next few months, preclude any Bank from having leeway to avoid a situation in which its ratio fell below 25 per cent on a statement date, although this possibility could not be entirely dismissed no matter what procedures were used for allocating participations in the Account. It was recommended that the foregoing proposal be adopted by the Open Market Committee. In supplementation of the distributed memorandum, Mr. Stone commented as follows: The proposal to reduce from 30 per cent to 28 per cent the reserve ratio that must be reached before a special re allocation of the Account is undertaken grew out of the series of 21 such reallocations that were made as a conse quence of the further deterioration in reserve ratios over the past few months. As note and deposit liabilities expand growth of the economy, and with the gold stock with the continuing to decline, there is every likelihood that as the goes on the technical accounting problems connected year with low reserve ratios will become more pressing. Moreover, experienced a different kind of problem in that we recently two of the Reserve Banks, on separate occasions, found them of their participations in the selves with virtually all Federal Reserve notes. On System Account pledged against note, the reserve ratio of one of those occasions, I should close to 25 per cent, and in the Bank concerned was very reallocating the Account to raise that Bank's reserve ratio not enough unpledged securities to enable we found there were System average. This kind of us to put the ratio up to the Committee knows, both the also recur. As the problem may the Account and the to the problem of reallocating approach participations against Federal plan for pledging Reserve Bank when the problems I have were evolved at a time Reserve notes were regarded only as remote possibilities. just described are now with us, and hence it seems Those problems, however, look at the entire gamut of pro appropriate to take a fresh of the Account and the cedures involving the reallocation against Federal Reserve notes. pledging of participations
Accordingly, we have constituted, in the New York Bank, a three-man group to take a close look at these procedures and to determine whether they are fully adequate to the present circumstances in which reserve ratios are pushing toward 25 per cent and in which a Reserve Bank's participa tion in the Account is barely adequate to cover its note issue. I understand that a similar group is being con stituted within the Board staff, and we anticipate that the two groups, working cooperatively, will have some conclusions to lay before the Committee and the Reserve Banks within the next few weeks. Given the statutory requirements governing reserve ratios and the pledging of collateral behind the note issue, it may well turn out that present procedures, with a patch here and there, are about as good as can be devised. But we think it is worthwhile to make the study before jumping to the conclusion that this is so. In discussion of the matter, Mr. Ellis endorsed the proposed change from 30 per cent to 28 per cent. He went on to point out, however, that the amended procedures would provide that if a Bank's reserve ratio should be reduced below 28 per cent as a result of a reallocation, or should fall below 28 per cent on the next to last business day (as observed by the Agent Bank) of a statement week or month, its holdings as of the close of business that day would be adjusted the following day by an amount sufficient to raise its reserve ratio to the average reserve ratio of the twelve Banks com bined on the preceding day; and that any such adjustment would be reversed on the first succeeding Thursday (before the next quarterly reallocation) when it could be accomplished without reducing the 28 per cent. It was the suggestion of Bank's reserve ratio below language providing for reversal the rigidity of the Mr. Ellis that If it appeared that a any such adjustment be relaxed somewhat. of
reversal was going to force a Bank below 30 per cent, and lead to another adjustment the following week, he felt it would be helpful if the reversal could be postponed at the discretion of the Manager of the Open Market Account. This seemed particularly true during a period when, as Mr. Stone had stated, a comprehensive staff study was being made of existing procedures. There was unanimous agreement that the proposed procedures should be amended in a manner reflecting the suggestion of Mr. Ellis. Accordingly, upon motion duly made and seconded, and by unanimous vote, the procedures with respect to allocations of the System Open Market Account, as approved by the Open Marke: Committee on March 6, 1962, were amended to read as follows: 1. Securities in the System Open Market Account shall be reallocated on the first business day of February, May, August, and November of each year by means of adjustments proportionate to the adjustments that would have been re quired to equalize the average ratios of the 12 Reserve Banks over the first 85 days of the preceding three calendar months. 2. If a Bank's reserve ratio should be reduced below 28 per cent as a result of the reallocation, or should fall below 28 per cent on the next to the last business day (as observed by the Agent Bank) of a statement week or month, its holdings as of the close of business that day shall be adjusted the following day by an amount sufficient to raise its reserve ratio to the average reserve ratio of the 12 Banks combined on the preceding day. Such securities shall be allocated to the Bank in a position to absorb the largest additional amount with out reducing its reserve ratio below the ratio of the 12 Banks combined. If that Bank is unable to take the entire amount, the excess shall be allocated to the Bank which can absorb the next largest amount without reducing its reserve ratio below the average for the System. Any such adjustment will be reversed, at the dis cretion of the Manager of the System Open Market Account and the
Bank, on the first succeeding Thursday or thereafter (before the next quarterly reallocation) when it appears that it can be accomplished without reducing the Bank's reserve ratio below 28 per cent, except that if the Thursday is a holiday or the last business day of a month the reversal will be made the following business day. A reversal will restore individual Bank holdings to their established participation percentages before the adjustment occurred, except to the extent that a Bank may have been involved in another adjustment in the interim. 3. If a Bank's reserve ratio should fall below 28 per cent on any other day, or if a Bank anticipates that its reserve ratio will fall below that figure, it may arrange with the Manager of the System Open Market Account for an adjust ment similar to those provided for in paragraph No. 2 so as to increase the Bank's reserve ratio to the average of the 12 Banks combined. The Account shall be apportioned during the succeed on the basis of the ratios determined in Para ing quarter graph 1, after allowing for any adjustments as provided for in Paragraphs 2 and 3. 5. Profits and losses on the sale of securities from the Account shall be allocated on the day of delivery of the securities sold on the basis of each Bank's current holdings at the opening of business on that day. Mr. Hexter, Assistant General Counsel, joined the meeting during the discussion of the foregoing topic and withdrew at its con clusion. then called for the usual go-around of comments The Chairman and views on current economic developments and monetary policy. He to Mr. Hayes, who presented the following statement: turned first As we compare the latest available statistics with those six weeks ago, we find that the domestic of three weeks ago, or business situation remains virtually unchanged, whereas there has been further clear deterioration in our balance of inter and, potentially at least, in the status of national payments the dollar. sales are exhibiting considerable strength so far Retail in January, and consumer confidence appears high. However, the cautious appraisal of the Council of Economic Advisers,
with which most business economists seem to concur, suggests no likelihood of any great upsurge in 1963; and the attain ment of a significant drop in unemployment still appears decidedly remote. Business sentiment continues to be strong, even though recent weeks have not produced any tangible evidence of the emergence of additional factors of strength. With the details of the President's tax reduction and reform proposals now on the table, in the coming weeks the business community and the public at large will try to appraise the chances and the actual timetable of their enactment. As for the balance of payments, unusually large capital outflows, both long and short term, seem to have been mainly responsible for a sharp rise in the over-all deficit to some thing over half a billion dollars so far in January. Also it is now apparent that very sizable loans and acceptance credits to foreign banks explain why the December surplus was only $80 million despite about S400 million of receipts from special transactions. The sale of some $150 million of new Canadian securities in our capital market in January, together with the $97 million Chrysler purchase of Simca shares, serve as a dramatic reminder of the major contribution of long-ter capital outflows to our balance of payments problem, while the placing of some $75 million of new U. S. dollar time deposits in Canadian banks emphasizes the continuing inability of U. S. banks to compete on even terms with Canadian and European banks in attracting and holding dollar balances. Additional large new foreign bond issues are in prospect for the coming months. Despite the fact that the gold and ex change markets remain generally calm, we face a large loss of gold in the first half of 1963 even on the basis of exist ing orders alone. Further sizable losses could easily occur as a result of the weight of existing heavy dollar balances, without taking into account the effect of additional future payments deficits. Moreover, there is an ever-present danger of serious loss of confidence as the size of our monetary gold stock shrinks further and approaches the $15 billion level. Under these conditions, I find especially disturbing an apparent tendency in some Government circles to accept continu ing large payments deficits as inevitable. It is also discourag ing to note the considerable shrinkage in our export surplus in the last quarter of 1962. Although the immediate export outlook seems moderately cheerful, at least if we consider our exports to Japan and Canada, there is an ominous note in the growing evidence of the nation's apparent inability to hold the line effectively on wage costs at a time when this is of
greater importance than ever. In the recent dock strike settlement, for instance, there seemed to be, on the surface at least, little or no stress on the general aim, so widely publicized a year ago, of trying to keep wage increases within the limits of gains in national productivity. As has been true now for several months, recent data on bank credit raise a question whether we have not been perhaps excessively liberal in providing reserves to the banking system. I am thinking of the fact that total credit at weekly reporting banks declined in the first three weeks of January much less than is typical for this season. Thus, in effect, the strong bank credit upsurge of the last few months of 1962 has continued. The dollar rise in bank credit in December, and indeed for the fourth quarter as a whole, as well as for 1962, was the largest for any similar period on the full year record. After a sluggish performance during most of 1962, the money supply came to life in the last quarter and rose again first half of January. Required reserves against sharply in the have been running some $300 million above the private deposits 3 per cent guideline. of the Treasury's refunding pro Of course the imminence severe limits on our freedcm of action in the gram sets two weeks. But I should think monetary sphere for the next maintain the increased firmness the least we should do is to upon at the two last meetings. of market atmosphere decided be modified to give The directive might appropriately Treasury financing, the further recognition to the forthcoming deterioration this month in the balance of payments situation, to a two-week period; but the fact that policy will apply and directive could be left that otherwise the I would think unchanged. no overt move, such as a discount rate increase, While can be undertaken during this period of Treasury financing, do well to be thinking a little I think the Committee would the appropriate role of monetary further ahead concerning serious threat to the policy in the light of the increasingly As you know, I have long dollar's international standing. increasing reliance on change of policy mix, with favored a the needed stimulus to the domestic fiscal policy to provide would thereby achieve greater economy, while monetary policy responsibilities. While scope to help meet our international the proposed tax reductions will there is some question whether effects, and the pro the hoped-for incentive in fact provide final enactment, the question posals are obviously far from the Administration has not already can be fairly raised whether of mix as far as fiscal policy gone a long way toward a change
is concerned. Certainly several years of heavy budget deficits are now widely expected both in this country and by foreign observers. Would it be unreasonable to suggest that monetary policy consider in the fairly near future a positive step of its own toward a new "mix"? Such a step in itself might well hasten effective tax reduction, first, as a demonstration that fiscal measures rather than continu ing monetary ease must be looked to as a means of stimulating more rapid economic growth; second, by convincing those who are inclined to fear tax reduction as "irresponsible" that the monetary authorities intend to see that the prospective deficits are prudently financed. As I have said, these are matters for future deter mination; but perhaps it is none too soon to explore them: if only in the most tentative and preliminary fashion. In the meantime, it seems to me that there is one technical area in which the Board could be helpful at any time in the near future without interfering with our "even keel" policy. I refer to the desirability of raising the maximum permis sible interest rate payable on 90-day time deposits to remedy the present inability of the American banks to quote reasol ably competitive rates for maturities under six months. Mr. Shuford said that observations made at the past several Committee meetings concerning the Eighth District continued to nold true. There had been no significant changes in economic activity. Employment in St. Louis and in each brarch city had declined slightly since July 1962, while industrial use of electric power showed no appreciable change. Business loans outstanding at weekly reporting banks fluctuated within a narrow range, and bank debits had increased only slightly. Department store sales showed some improvement during the past four months, which improvement apparently was continuing in weekly reporting member banks increased January. Total deposits of markedly in 1962, and this trend continued in the first part of January, with the increase again in the time and savings deposit category.
Mr. Shuford commented that the national economic picture had been covered well by the staff presentation this morning and also by Mr. Hayes. As Mr. Shuford saw it, there was no clear trend, develop ments appearing to be mixed. Since last August, however, total bank reserves had risen at an annual rate of 7 per cent, reserves available in support of private demand deposits had increased at an annual rate of 5 per cent, and the money supply had increased at an annual rate of 7 per cent. While he regarded the growth in these areas as having been desirable in the past few months, continued growth at such ratescertainly for any appreciable period of time--would appear to be undesirable. In view of the recent increase in reserves and the supply, coupled with the expansion of bank credit, he believed money that monetary operations such as conducted during the past six weeks continued to be appropriate. This seemed particularly true in view Treasury financing. In short, he would continue of the forthcoming policy. He saw no need to change the directive, although it existing along the lines mentioned by Mr. Hayes. He would might be modified not consider it appropriate to change the discount rate at this time. Bryan commented as follows: Mr. The biggest news from the Sixth District has been the cold weather. The freezes have lowered the unseasonably citrus production by an estimated 25 per cent. outlook for the production of will probably match Vegetable production The longer run damage to last year except for tomatoes. be reliably estimated because citrus production cannot yet be known for some time. In the damage to the trees will not up sharply, and total in citrus prices have gone meantime, the crop may be largely unaffected. come from
The Sixth District has followed the national pattern in the consumer, agricultural, and banking sectors. It has shown somewhat more weakness than the nation in employment and production. District employment in December declined appreciably for the first time in 1962 as did the length of the work week and manufacturing payrolls. Insured unemploy ment was slightly lower in December; but it was still higher than at any time since February 1962. Bank credit has risen further in December, and seems to have receded less than seasonally in January. The expansion of bank credit in 1962 has been much greater than in 1961. All in all, the Sixth District, like the nation as a whole, seems to me to be going nowhere in a great rush, but to be making a slow, steady up ward movement with little evidence of a downward turn in the business cycle. As for monetary policy, it seems to me that we have made a satisfactory year-to-year gain in terms of money supply conventionally defined. If all or, indeed, some part of time deposits are included in our estimate of money supply, then I year-to-year increase in the money supply to be not judge the only satisfactory but stimulative. Further, liquid assets held by the public as a ratio to the gross national product have risen to 80.8 per cent, the highest since the 81.0 per cent of third quarter 1959. Meanwhile, the reserves of the banking system, whether measured in terms of total reserves, nonborrowed reserves, or required reserves, have been running higher than my judgment The long-term trend line that I of an appropriate guideline. time to time used was for January a little less than have from On a daily average basis, up to my most recent $19.6 billion. figure, our actual reserves in January have run at $20.17 billion, a substantial excess over a 3 per cent growth rate. At the same time, we have exceeded the projections of the on total reserves and required reserves. Board's staff, both I believe we should at In the light of these circumstances, least move downward in actual reserves to something more nearly like the 3 per cent guideline. Since we are going into February with a large oversupply of reserves, according to the latest figures available to me, and face a large seasonal in February, approximating $450 believe the Desk is approaching an unusually dif million, I It is made the more difficult in view of ficult period. Treasury financing. The central target on total prospective February, using, for all its distempers, a total reserves for trend line that I have from time to time sponsoredreserve with some misgivings--is $19.6 billion for February. albeit
In the light of the factors as they appear to me, I should suggest that figure as a rational central target for total reserves on a daily average basis. Of course, the Desk must have an ample latitude for random factors. It remains for me to note that the figure I suggest reconciles with a much lower daily average of free reserves than we have had thus far in January. I would not change the discount rate. Mr. Bopp reported that business in the Third District deteriorated somewhat in December. Unemployment claims declined, but only seasonally; help wanted indexes were off in Philadelphia; electric power consumption by manufacturers dropped; and manufacturing employ ment decreased in 6 of 10 reporting areas. Available weekly informa tion for January showed no exceptional movements. In banking, the picture was mixed. Loans had been declining, largely for seasonal reasons, but this year's drop was about 50 per cent greater than last year. Deposits are off, and reserve positons had reflected some tightness. Mr. Bopp saw no reason for any change in monetary policy at in view of the Treasury financing schedule. this time, particularly it might be appropriate to delete As to the directive, he felt that on short-term interest to "seasonal" downward pressures the reference rates. week or so he had that within the past Mr. Bopp also commented local bank that was consider from an official of a large received a call ing the possibility of entering into foreign lending to take advantage inquired whether such The banker of interest rate differentials.
activity would be against public policy or Federal Reserve policy, particularly since representatives of the bank who had talked with European central bankers got the impression from some of them that perhaps some day central banks might have to do something about such decisions. Mr. Bopp said his comments to the banker were to the effect that such lending would obviously have repercussions on the U. S. balance of payments, which was already in a serious state. At this time, however, there were in this country no specific laws or regulations to control such matters. He did not propose to make a decision for the banker, although the latter might want to keep in mind the problem that existed with regard to the international balance of payments. Mr. Fulton reported a slight to moderate expansion of business and industrial activity in the Fourth District during the first three weeks of January, representing in part a short-term pick-up from activity in December and in part a continuation of weather-retarded longer-term recovery from 1962 setbacks. During the past week, however, intense cold and more snow had halted this betterment. Steel output showed significant improvement during the first three weeks of January but suffered a modest relapse in the past week, due to weather conditions. New orders were showing strength, probably One mill dealing largely with the auto industry showed substantially with lead times extending to April. Another mill increased orders, on autos reported a good order book from a wide not so dependent
variety of users. While there seemed to be no pronounced indication of inventory accumulation, the situation could be interpreted as heralding an end to inventory liquidation, with orders representing needs for current production. no opinion presently as to whether or not the There was would be reopened on May 1; the union could make steel wage contract reconsideration of wages, insurance, and pensions on a demand for that date. It was said that a better atmosphere existed between and labor at this time due to the efforts of the Human management Relations Committee (composed of top men from management and labor), in interpreting mutual problems, but one which had been effective Steel executives were saying not foretell what might develop. could be no increase in employment costs that it was imperative that there would be at a greater disadvantage this year. Otherwise, steel now cost $4.30 per hour, including competitively. Steel workers fringe benefits. there was a general feeling In the machine tool industry, the industry could manufacturing was maintained that if the level of cent in 1963 over 1962. in orders of 10 to 12 per count on an increase radically reduce pro developed that would New machines were being to invest in them. should encourage manufacturers duction costs, which above the District remained in the Insured unemployment in Pittsburgh to 3.5 per from 10.5 per cent national average, ranging Centers of of 6.9 per cent. with a District average cent in Dayton,
high unemployment were predominantly in steel manufacturing areas. In the first three weeks of January, increases were approximately in line with the seasonal pattern, but the past week of severe winter cold and snow had disturbed this relationship. Department store sales continued at the expanded level of late 1962. In the four weeks to January 19, sales were 9 per cent over the year-ago period. Auto sales remained at a relatively high level, after allowance for seasonal decline, even through the latest week of bad weather. Used car sales suffered from the weather, but prices remained firm and sales were expected to rebound. Construction permits were substantially reduced from the same period last year. In Cleveland, apartment house building was still strong and accounted for 40 per cent of the construction volume in that city in the first three weeks of 1963. Loans at District reporting member banks declined more in the than in any like period of the past three years. past three weeks for the District for December remained virtually unchanged Bank debits from November. nothing on the economic Fulton said he could discern Mr. would warrant a change from the monetary policy now horizon that Desk had ably followed the instruc being followed. He felt that the the past three weeks. He would not tions of the Committee during rate, feeling that an increase in the rate would change the discount
be a measure that might be regarded as slanted toward deflation. In this connection, he noted that mention had not been made of the effect, which could not yet be assessed, of the increases in rates of employeremployee contributions to the Social Security System that became effective at the first of the year. This would take more money away from pay envelopes and therefore would have a deflationary bias. As to the directive, he would eliminate from the second sentence of the first paragraph the references to economic and financial factors relating to 1962. The meeting then recessed for lunch and reconvened at 2:05 p.m. with the same attendance. Continuing the go-around, Mr. Mitchell said that in view of the imminence of Treasury financing any remarks on short-run monetary policy at this time would seem largely academic. As to the business outlook., he recalled having mentioned at the Committee meeting six weeks ago that he sensed some stirrings in the economy, largely of psychological origin, that might possibly lead to a rise in real activity at a greater rate than had recently been experienced. He had thought at the time that such a possibility was rather remote. How ever, subsequent developments suggested to him that the likelihood was increasing. In his opinion the developments to which he referred really began to take shape about the time of the relief from the Cuban crisis, a truly exogenous factor. It may also have been attributable in some degree to the reduction of reserve requirements
against time and savings deposits, a move that he had thought at the time should be construed as an easing action. Anticipation of a tax cut was another factor. In sum, there had been a change in the economic environment. The stock market picture had changed, there had been a reaction in consumer spending, and consumer attitudes had changed. Although the staff economic presentation today seemed to indicate that not much was happening in real terms, he felt that much had been happening in psychological terms and perhaps in real terms also, particularly in the area of consumer demand. Business demand for plant and inventories admittedly was not strong, but this might appear later in light of developments such as he thought were now taking place. It was his feeling that there was a tendency to downgrade the likelihood of an upturn in activity at significantly greater rates than in 1962. This was one reason for sitting tight in terms of monetary policy. Mr. Mitchell then referred to the change in money supply and in reserves that had occurred over the past several months. He to act as though this was an accomplishment of detected a tendency yet he believed that actually the Committee did which to be proud, In his opinion it happened because not anticipate what would happen. economy had reacted to exogenous factors, primarily psychological. the The kind of monetary policy pursued was conducive to monetary expansion conditions, and it had occurred. In any event, he under these changed
believed the business outlook was better than it had been for a long time and that monetary factors were better than they had been for a long time. Accordingly, he would be content to maintain the status quo in terms of policy. Mr. Shepardson remarked that it seemed rather odd that the discussion of the national economy had proceeded thus far without more pointed reference to the dampening effects of the severe winter weather that had prevailed in many areas of the country. Of itself, this might have accounted for some of the slowdown observed in of the economy. Nevertheless, as Mr. Mitchell had certain segments did not look too bad. This, together with the Treasury said, things argue for a continuance of the policy that financing program, would in effect during the past three or six weeks. had been Mr. Shepardson said that he had not had in mind, particularly, However, his attention was suggesting a change in the directive. to a phrase that had been creating a drawn during the discussion Especially in view of the terms question on his part for some time. settlement, he was inclined to question the of the recent dock strike inflationary pressures. In terms of prices reference to an absence of even though there had been that statement might still have validity, a consistent upward crawl in consumer prices. According to reports, settlement were excessive, and the terms of the dock strike however, indication of a building up of in this appeared to him a definite at some point might break out in more flationary pressures that
noticeable fashion. Such pressures may have been less pronounced than at other times, but he did not agree that there was an absence of them. In summary, Mr. Shepardson said, he would continue present policy. If there was a change in the directive, he would hope that consideration might be given to modifying the reference to an absence of inflationary pressures. Mr. Robertson said it seemed obvious that in view of the impending Treasury refunding offer there was no option today except to maintain an even keel position in the absence of overriding considerations, none of which were apparent in the business and financial information presented to the Committee this morning. The position from which the Committee would be moving was much better than he had thought it would be on the basis of the directives adopted at the previous two meetings of the Committee. Events had belied a progressively tighter policy such as he had thought would eventuate under those directives. If it seemed important, he would be agreeable the directive along lines such as suggested by Mr. Fulton. to changing However, he did not think such changes were too important, assuming of the Committee would be to maintain an even keel that the consensus change in policy at the moment. and make no Mills presented the following statement: Mr. Broadly speaking, the experience gained in 1962 seems to indicate that the over-all expansion that occurred in commercial bank credit was financed out of a massive increase
in time and savings deposits that, in turn, was supported by reserves supplied by Federal Reserve System actions. The System also provided reserves in addition to those required to backstop the increase in time and savings deposits, but in doing so without inducing a further and economically con structive expansion in commercial bank credit of the kind normally associated with a vigorous growth in the national economy. In the presence of a sluggish economy and in the absence of a dynamic demand for commercial bank credit, the additional increments of reserves at the disposal of the commercial banking system failed to serve any useful purpose and, in fact, were harmful by encouraging an abnormal growth in loans on the collateral of U. S. Government securities and in fostering speculative inventorying on the part of U. S. Government securities dealers. Under these circumstances, and there being no foresee able increase in the legitimate demand for commercial bank credit, it is in order to reduce the volume of free reserves to a level in keeping with the visible demand for commercial bank credit, say, $350-$300 million. The fact that such a policy would tend to hold up short-term interest rates as a deterrent to the outflow df United States dollars and gold must be considered as a secondary effect of a monetary and credit policy that seeks to keep an appropriate balance between the supply of reserves and the legitimate demand for commercial bank credit. Inasmuch as a continuing and com in the supply of reserves inevitably would pounding reduction contract the credit base, with damage to the money supply, must be exercised in bringing down the level extreme caution of free reserves to be certain that only those reserves are are demonstrably superfluous to the legitimate withdrawn that of the national economy and, therefore, that credit needs adequate credit availability is maintained. Mr. Mills added that he believed the present stance of the conduct of monetary policy was in line with the Committee in the reasoning he had expressed, and that no change was required. He did discount rate should be raised at this time, but not think that the he continued of the belief that if a crisis should materialize out of payments problems it would be necessary to take prompt of balance
and dramatic action, with joint determination, decision, and action by the System and the Treasury. Mr. Wayne reported that recent business developments in the Fifth District had occurred mainly within usual seasonal patterns. Construction, trade, services--in fact all nonmanufacturing areas except mining--had apparently retained recent strength. Manufacturing activity, however, had continued the very gradual declines in employ ment and man-hours that first appeared last August. The Reserve Bank's indicated slight further declines in new orders, employ latest survey in textiles and in durable goods industries except ment, and hours furniture. In nondurables other than textiles the survey showed new employment, and hours virtually unchahged. Furniture orders, in the survey indicated that their already prosperous manufacturers was still moving ahead, and the winter markets in progress industry furniture centers in North Carolina and Virginia were last week at reported to have generated the largest volume of forward buying in seasons. District banks had experienced a substantial many marketing drop in gross loans, particularly in the business classification, estate loans continued to gain. In the first and final while real were heavy net sellers of Federal weeks of the period, District banks funds. Mr. Wayne commented that he found himself at a loss to say much new or exciting about the national situation. Such important
indicators as manufacturing wages and salaries, nonagricultural employment, and industrial production had remained virtually constant since July. At the two preceding Committee meetings a flurry of good signs suggested that the economy could be moving off its plateau. The strength in retail sales in January also pointed in this direction. On the other hand, some of the old uncertainties reappeared in December. Housing starts fell, new orders for durable goods dropped, the average workweek shortened, and commercial and industrial con:ract awards slipped badly. A perhaps even darker cloud loomed from the possibility that debate over the proposed budget and tax reforms Consequently, Mr. Wayne said, he would would be long and acrimonious. at all surprised if the clear skies everyone had been seeking not be were not some way off. In the area of policy, Mr. Wayne believed that System market developments--had been operations--together with some favorable the downward pressures on short-term fully successful in combatting this season. Recently bill rates rates that usually prevail during The rate for Federal funds with a slight upward trend. had been firm rate, and in the been at or near the discount had quite consistently reported at 3-1/8 per cent. number of sales had been Fifth District a few instances even to to eliminate, or in a These trends had helped to London and Canada on the covered spreads favorable reverse, were as much as could It seemed to him these results Treasury bills.
reasonably be expected from monetary policy in the international area at this time. Domestically, the healthy growth in bank credit and the money supply in recent months seemed to indicate that the policy the Committee had been following had provided all the funds needed to encourage business expansion. For the next two weeks, with the Treasury in the market, only one course of action--an even keel policyseemed open. In any event, however, he would favor a continuation of present policy, with perhaps a minor change in the wording of the directive to drop the reference to "seasoral" downward pressures on short-term rates. He would not change the discount rate. Mr. Clay commented that it would appear appropriate to continue until the next meeting of the Committee essentially the same monetary policy adopted at the last meeting. For one thing, the large Treasury financing activities in the period immediately ahead sug. gested no change in policy unless circumstances were compelling. Moreover, seasonal financial developments of the early weeks of the year had not proceeded for enough to establish a clear pattern of the basic trend. Additionally, whatever clarification the Committee might have hoped to receive on fiscal matters following the various reaction to them as an aid to Presidential messages and Congressional had not yet become apparent--nor was its own policy deliberations there any indication as to when there would be such clarification. it was only two weeks until the Committee would meet In any event,
again and could take another look at the economic situation and monetary policy. This view on monetary policy for the period immediately ahead, Mr. Clay added, would call for about the same degree of firmness in the money market as was envisaged in the current directive, a Federal funds rate ranging between 2-3/4 and 3 per cent, a Treasury bill rate of 2.85 to 2.95 per cent, and a continuation of the Reserve Bank dis count rate at. 3 per cent. The directive should be modified, he so as to avoid giving an instruction for a progressive thought, of bank credit on a seasonally adjusted basis. tightening Mr. Helmer reported that economic activity in the Seventh display a mild rate of improvement. Businessmen District continued to confidence that the trend would continue. and bankers showed increased by manufacturing firms in major cities in which electric Production modest increases in December. power series were available reflected apparently continued strong in January, but probably Retail sales suffered a setback in the most recent week because of the severe cold Production of some makes and lines weather. Auto sales were strong to keep inventories in line with planned of cars had been cut back most new cars were not out of line with levels, but inventories of changes, but should continue to sales. Employment showed seasonal where production was rising gradually, rise in steel-producing centers strike. Capital expenditure as a hedge against a possible partially
plans were being increased in several important industries, and Midwest businessmen were showing greater interest in the new depreciation guidelines. Banking developments were roughly in line with the rest of the country. Business loans were down relatively less since year end than in the nation. However, the large tanks had added to their holdings of short-term Governments and were showing some improvement in basic reserve positions as compared with December averages. The demand for credit was perhaps somewhat stronger than seasonal. The acquisition of short-term Governments and the large volume of loans might indirectly reflect corporate needs for funds. There had been a moderate increase in the number of member banks borrowing in recent weeks, but over all there appeared to be no difficulty in accommodating credit demands. Mr. Deming noted that mid-winter was not a particularly good time to appraise Ninth District economic performance and prospects. Agriculture, mining, lumbering, construction, and other outdoor activities were at or close to their seasonal lows, which also were reflected in seasonally low employment levels. Add what seemed to be an almost seasonal "first quarter blues" and an abnormally cold a somewhat less exuberant outlook from January, and the result was opinion panel on economic prospects for the next the Reserve Bank's several weeks. The most recent survey, taken as of January 23, indicated that about 46 per cent of respondents saw improvement as
fairly certain or probable, 42 per cent looked for stability at present levels, and 12 per cent saw decline likely. The latter group comprised about the same number as in all surveys since early last fall. The big shift in the latest survey was from those who had been forecasting improvement right along into the camp of those who had foreseen stability equally long. It must be noted that indus trial power use, manufacturing employment, and personal income at year end were off a shade more than seasonally, although this may have reflected no more than a less than perfect statistical adjustment and/or the cold weather. Still there seemed to be little concrete evidence of any real deterioration in the District economy, and most measures showed District performance as relatively better than the nation. Thus, he attributed a good part, if not most, of the shift in opinion to what he had called the "first quarter blues." District banking developments continued along the same lines as in recent months and about paralleled developments in the nation's banking. After abstracting from seasonal factors, District banks, both city and country, exhibited continued strong deposit growth and loan demand. Deposit trends remained stronger than loan trends, how ever, so loan-deposit ratios showed little change. As he had observed before, though, he had a mildly uneasy feeling that the loan-deposit implied a somewhat higher liquidity level than might actually ratios prevail. He thought it necessary to watch this factor with some care.
Turning to the national scene, Mr. Deming noted the absence of exuberance in the economic forecasts for 1963 and the apparently paradoxical behavior of the stock market. He saw prospective stimulation from growing Government spending and a very large deficit both this fiscal year and next. As he analyzed the President's tax program, however, he saw little, if any, stimulation of the private sector from that factor, at least over this year, even assuming that the program was enacted. Finally, he was disturbed by what seemed to be developing in this country's international payments position. It looked to him as though the difference between commercial exports and imports was narrowing and as though efforts to promote commercial exports, to "tie" more of this country's aid, and to offset part of its military expenditures abroad had not even kept the trade balance as large as it was, let alone enlarged it. If this was so, he supposed it was even more important to insure against capital outflow, but he believed the problem of payments balance would need far more than central bank-Treasury holding action re short-term funds. Mr. Deming recalled having mentioned at the January 8 meeting that the problem mix was not much different from that of a year ago: underutilized capacity and a payments deficit. He was not so sure now that this was an accurate statement; the problem mix might be worse at present. For the immediate future, however, he believed the Committee should continue the present course of monetary policy, which he
categorized as ease with an eye on short-term rates. Therefore, he would recommend no change in policy and no change in discount rate during the next two weeks. He supposed that this should mean no more than technical changes in the directive, but the directive's phrasing continued to bother him, particularly the references to money supply and bank credit. These had not moderated in growth rate, and he saw no reason to provide critics with free ammunition by expressing objectives that the Committee might not achieve. He could live with the second paragraph, although he noted that the firm tone in the Manager was expressed in terms of rates and market referred to by the rather than in reserves (either total or free) or in "feel and color" did not imply any criticism of the Desk in this borrowings. He been on the daily telephone call during this period comment; he had had done very well. At the same time, this did and thought the Desk concern about trying to write directives in very underline his specific terms. concern in the Twelfth District Mr. Swan reported increasing particularly the lack of any significant over the lack of rain and been some damage to the citrus in the mountains. There had snowpack continued to be favorable but otherwise the economic situation crop, data indicated that total employment in the District. Preliminary was little or no December, although there 4/10 per cent in rose about employment. The manufacturing, or transportation increase in mining,
seasonally unadjusted unemployment rate in the Pacific Coast states was down sli;htly in December. Construction activity and retail sales held up well, and department store sales for the first part of January continued strong. For the first time since early 1961 a major labor market area (Spokane) had been reclassified from the moderate to sub stantial unemployment category. Weekly reporting banks showed much less than the usual seasonal decline in loans during the first two weeks of January. They were faced at the same time with some deposit decline, and there was some holdings of Governments. Also, the banks were net reduction in their funds. On at least one day (January 23) a number of buyers of Federal rather heavy borrowers from the Reserve Bank. the banks were Swan said he came out at about the With respect to policy, Mr. of those who had already spoken. Given the lack of same place as most the fact that the downward seasonal change in the business situation, bill rate seemed to have been successfully offset: and pressure on the of Treasury financing, there seemed nothing to do except the imminence continue on even keel. As to the directive, he agreed that at this point the question was again confined to technical changes. However, made by omitting the reference to he would like to see a change Also, he continued to be on bill rates. "seasonal" downward pressures bothered a little by the reference to a current policy of accommodating more moderate, growth in bank credit. He realized that further, though
this expression was presumed to refer back to the growth over several months, but he felt that readers of the policy record might interpret the directive as making a comparison with the previous three-week period. It would seem to him a little clearer if the directive referred to "further growth, though more moderate than has occurred in recent months, in bank credit and the money supply." He would not change the discount rate at this time. Mr. Irons reported a mixture of small pluses and minuses in Eleventh District economic indicators. Several indicators had moved up modestly, including crude oil production. Employment was up about one per cent in the latest period for which figures were available, while unemployment was at a rate of about 4.9 per cent on a seasonally unadjusted basis. Retail trade had been good over the holiday season and into the first three weeks of January. As to banking, investments were up and there had been a rather substantial increase in time deposits. Loans were down a little less than seasonally, including commercial and industrial loans. District banks had been net purchasers of Federal funds for the past three weeks. said, conditions in the District tended All in all, Mr. Irons to continue at a high level. The extent of damage to agriculture as the result of the recent series of cold spells was not known, but evidence beginning to seep through indicated that the damage probably
was not as bad as at first expected. Construction activity was still at very high levels in and around the major cities. Mr. Irons said that he saw no need to elaborate on national economic developments. From the standpoint of the economic situation as it was evolving and from the standpoint of the forthcoming Treasury financing, he saw no choice but to continue to maintain the same policy posture as had prevailed over the past six weeks or so. He shared some of the concern voiced by Messrs. Hayes and Deming with respect to what might eventuate in the area of the balance of inter national payments. He would not recommend changing the discount rate, and he would not change the directive in any basic respect, although he would be agreeable to some of the technical changes that had been suggested. Mr. Irons suggested that the Federal funds rate should continue around the discount rate level, with the bill rate at 2.90 per cent, plus or minus., and free reserves somewhere from $250 to $350 million. too concerned about where free reserves might move as long He was not about as they had been. If there should as other factors continued be indications of a trend toward more market ease, he felt it would be desirable to take offsetting action. that New England economic measures, includ Mr. Ellis reported ing employment, unemployment, construction, manufacturing output, and built up to a picture indicating that the regional new orders, all
economy was now somewhat weaker than in the late fall, on a seasonally adjusted basis, and relatively weaker than the national economy. How ever, available measures of consumption seemed to point toward a somewhat more healthy situation. The weakening of business activity was reflected at member banks, where commercial and industrial loans were down more than seasonally in December and on into January. The reaction on the part of the banks was to step up their loans to brokers and dealers and to expand their holdings of Government securities; also, to interrupt their liquidation of other securities, including State and local Government issues. Mr. Ellis commented that he had been gratified by the continued of the short-term rate. This strength was somewhat surprising strength to him in view of the anticipated seasonal weakening and the relatively large volume of free reserves. Perhaps this suggested that float generated reserves tended to have a lesser impact on rates than others. the money supply had expanded further In any event, it was clear that and that the level of required reser;es against private demand deposits had held substantially above the 3 per cent guideline. Thus it did not appear that the slight shift of monetary policy had interfered with the objective of a continued growth of bank reserves and the money be that the growth rate was still too high to be supply. It might or desirable. However, at this time of year the under sustainable were so obscured as to prevent obtaining a reliable lying trends
reading of the impact of policy. The need for an even keel during the Treasury financing led him to recommend no change in policy for the next two weeks. Due to seasonal factors, the Desk would be required to supply perhaps $1/2 billion of reserves during the next few weeks. To contain the effect on the short-term rate, some of these reserves might be released through operations in the medium and longer term areas of the market. Mr. Ellis said as targets for monetary policy he would think in terms of a bill rate of around 2,90 per cent, perhaps tilted toward 3 per cent, with free reserves around $300 million. He did not feel that discount rate action would be appropriate at this time. In his belief, this kind of policy could be carried-out within the terminology of the present policy directive. Yet he understood that the directive was intended to be flexible and to reflect shades of change in the intervals between meetings, and there seemed to him to be at least three places at which changes might be suitable at this time. The first ;ould be to strike the reference to downward "seasonal" pressure on short-term rates; the second would be to refer to the forthcoming two-week, rather than three-week, period. The third involved the question whether the policy of accommodating further, though more growth in reserves and the money supply should be related moderate, to some period of time in the past. Mr. Balderston described as cogent the reasons that had been advanced during the discussion for maintenance of the status quo. He
indicated that he had been impressed by the observations suggesting that possibly severe international payments troubles were closer at hand than one might think. He continued of the opinion that perhaps the Board of Governors should increase the maximum permissible rate on time deposits with maturities from 90 days to 6 months so that the banks could pay, if desired up to 3-1/2 per cent. Funds apparently had been flowing to Canada recently on an uncovered basis, and it seemed none too soon to take such countervailing action as possible. As to the directive, he would be agreeable to the minor changes that had been suggested. Two weeks from now, when the Committee met he felt that the directive might need more fundamental again, modification. Chairman Martin noted that this was a rather easy meeting to time for personal observations except to summarize. He would not take he concurred in Mr. Mills' comments about the international say that and that he thought the remarks of Mr. Bopp about the bnker situation significant. He had felt for a long time in the Third District were was going to be confronted with a that at some point this country problem. He did not pretend to know crucial international payments when this would come to a head, and he might be just seeing ghosts, was clearly in that direction. At some but he believed the trend this country would have to come to grips with point, in his opinion, in a more direct way than had been done to date. the problem
Chairman Martin then remarked that, as at the January 8 meeting, Mr. Young had prepared a draft of economic background state ment. He would not ask Mr. Young to read that statement, but it would be included in the minutes so that the Committee members would have an opportunity to review the summary. Note: The draft of economic Secretary's background statement to which the Chairman referred, as revised in the light of sub sequent comment, was as follows: on the domestic economy becoming available Information of the Committee on January 8 since the preceding meeting of little change through December indicated a continuation in industrial activity, employment, and wholesale prices, lending was showing evidence of stronger but commercial bank financial markets were reflecting a more credit demands and generally. Bank credit and the money optimistic climate expanded considerably over the preceding 3 months, supply had velocity continued to climb. while deposit unemployment rate rose in January, but remained The range of other recent months. Incomplete within the narrow indicate increases in output of weekly data for January production of autos. The number of steel but no change in started and the volume of new orders received housing units by producers of machinery and other durable goods declined in December from very high levels. income and retail sales rose further to record Personal ,data for January suggest a levels in December. Partial in retail sales, with both new cars and further increase strength. Consumer stores showing cortinuing department prices edged down slightly in December, reflecting mainly down in the rate of rise influences. The slowing seasonal component was again in evidence. of the service In the financial area, the three major Administration and tax--emphasized fiscal and messages--budget, economic, economic growth, and this emphasis other efforts to stimulate a note of caution to bond markets. Yields on contributed and some other fixed return securities rose U. S. Government on balance, from their levels in early January. a little, in Jaruary was indicated to be Corporate security financing smaller than in December while municipal considerably estimated substantially higher. Common stock financing was
prices rose further in recent weeks on sizable trading volume and stock prices had now recovered two-thirds of their decline from December 1961 to June 1962. There was a further sharp rise in the seasonally adjusted money supply in the first half of January, but indications for the second half were for some cutback in the increase. Time deposits also rose substantially further in the first half of the month. Required reserves of member banks against private deposits were averaging somewhat higher during January than in December. Free reserves also were averaging higher, with both excess reserves and borrowing lower. The money market developed a slightly firmer tone after the first week of January, with the 3-month bill rate hold ing slightly above the 2.90 per cent level at a time when seasonal downward pressures are typically strong. The U. S. balance of payments position deteriorated in January. Weekly indicators of U. S. monetary reserves and liquid liabilities suggested an over-all deficit for the month of around $500 million. The prolonged dock contributed to this deficit and there was strike possibly a record volume of new foreign security issues in this in January, largely Canadian issues. Exchange country remained quiet and the London gold price stayed markets virtually unchanged near its low point. that he interpreted recent Chairman Martin went on to say a view that the policy directive Committee discussions as reflecting on whether some change in policy was indicated. should focus attention be perfectly appropriate, but attention Minor changes in language might was making any change in policy. should focus on whether the Committee had been several suggestions for The Chairman noted that there minor changes in the directive adopted at the meeting on January 8, call upon Mr. Young to read a 1963. He then stated that he would take account of some of those changes. draft of directive that would out, that no member of the Committee It was clear, the Chairman pointed
wanted a change in policy at this time. In his opinion, it would be possible to operate satisfactorily during the coming two weeks under the directive as it now stood, without any change at all. On the other hand, he would have no objection to making minor changes. He did feel, however, that the focus ought to be on whether any change in policy was indicated. Mr. Young then read the draft of proposed directive, with comments on the changes from the present directive. In discussion of the draft directive, Mr. Mitchell raisea the question whether so many minor changes in wording were necessary or desirable when the consensus was clearly for no change in policy. changes and stated why he felt they would Mr. Young then reviewed the be appropriate, after which Chairman Martin called for comments by other members of the Committee. Mr. Hayes indicated that personally he favored changing the directives in minor respects from meeting to meeting, thus preserving the idea that the directive was reasonably rigid. Although the consensus for this meeting was for flexible, not no change in policy, he thought it appropriate to recognize factual changes in the directive. It was true, for example, that the balance of payments position had deteriorated recently. As the discussion proceeded, Mr. Mitchell referred to the language of the second paragraph of the directive that called for providing for moderate reserve expansion. It was his thought that this kind of language needed some reference point. On the other hand,
the view was expressed that any significant amendment to the second paragraph of the directive might be taken to indicate some change in policy, whereas no change was sought by the Committee for the next two weeks. As an alternative, it was suggested that the first sentence of the first paragraph be modified to make clear that the Committee's current policy was to accommodate growth in bank credit and money supply, though more moderate than in recent months. It was also suggested that, consistent with maintenance of the status quo, the last sentence of the second paragraph might call for providing for "continued" moderate reserve expansion. Mr. Deming expressed the view that if there was no change in Committee should make only minimal changes in the directive, policy the He would regard the changes Mr. Young had suggested as factual or corrections with the exception that he thought the wording technical part of the directive might be interpreted to reflect of the first policy. In line with the views he had expressed at the some shift in two previous Committee meetings, Mr. Deming said his basic point, see the directive set forth, as was that he did not like to however, an accommodation of growth in the a current policy of the Committee, money supply. in the draft directive were Certain additional minor changes which Mr. Young read the directive in a form then suggested, following the several changes that had been tentatively intended to reflect agreed upon during the discussion.
Thereupon, upon motion duly made and seconded, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York was authorized and directed, until otherwise directed by the Committee, to execute transactions in the System Open Market Account in accordance with the fol lowing current economic policy directive: It is the Committee's current policy to accommodate growth in bank credit and the money supply more moderate than in recent months, while aiming at money market condi tions that would minimize capital outflows internationally. This policy takes into account the recent deterioration in the United States balance of payments and the recent sub stantial increases in bank credit, demand deposits, and the reserve base, but at the same time recognizes the limited progress of the domestic economy in recent months, the continuing underutilization of resources, and the absence of inflationary pressures. To implement this policy, and in view of the forth coming Treasury financing, System open market operations during the next two weeks shall be conducted with a view to maintaining about the same degree of firmness in the money market that has prevailed in recent weeks and to offsetting downward pressures on short-term interest rates, while providing for continued moderate reserve expansion. Votes for this action: Messrs. Martin, Hayes, Balderston, Bryan, Deming, Ellis, Fulton, Mills, Mitchell, Robertson, and Shepardson. Votes against this action: none. Martin commented that he hoped the members of the Chairman Committee would continue to devote thought to the formulation of the policy directives. It was important to try to put them in as good a form as possible because the directives, when published, would provide the core of the record of Committee policy.
It was agreed that the next meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee would be held on Tuesday, February 12, 1963. The meeting then adjourned. Secretary
Also: Record of Policy Actions