January 9, 1962 FOMC Minutes: Full Text
A meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee was held in the offices of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington on Tuesday, January 9, 1962, at 10:00 a.m. PRESENT: Mr. Martin, Chairman Mr. Balderston Mr. Irons Mr. King Mr. Mills Mr. Mitchell Mr. Robertson Mr. Shepardson Mr. Swan Mr. Wayne Mr. Fulton, Alternate Mr. Treiber, Alternate for Mr. Hayes Messrs. Ellis and Deming, Alternate Members of the Federal Open Market Committee Messrs. Bopp, Bryan, and Clay, Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of Philadelphia, Atlanta, and Kansas City, respectively Mr. Young, Secretary Mr. Sherman, Assistant Secretary Mr. Kenyon, Assistant Secretary Mr. Hackley, General Counsel Mr. Thomas, Economist Messrs. Baughman, Coldwell, Einzig, Garvy, and Noyes, Associate Economists Mr. Rouse, Manager, System Open Market Account Assistant to the Board of Governors Mr. Molony, and Koch, Advisers, Division of Messrs. Holland Research and Statistics, Board of Governors Mr. Furth, Adviser, Division of International Finance, Board of Governors Mr. Knipe, Consultant to the Chairman, Board of Governors Mr. Yager, Chief, Government Finance Section, Division of Research and Statistics, Board of Governors
Mr. Broida, Economist, Government Finance Section, Division of Research and Statistics, Board of Governors Mr. Francis, First Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Mr. Hickman, Senior Vice President, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Messrs. Eastburn, Jones, and Tow, Vice Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Kansas City, respectively Messrs. Stone, Black,and Brandt, Assistant Vice Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of New York, Richmond, and Atlanta, respectively Mr. Willis, Economic Adviser, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Mr. Sternlight, Manager, Securities Department, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economist, Federal Reserve Bank of Mr. Hellweg, Minneapolis Before this meeting there had been distributed to the members a report of open market operations covering the period of the Committee 3, 1962, and a supplementary report December 19, 1961, through January covering the period January 4 through January 8, 1962. Copies of both reports have been placed in the files of the Committee. reports, Mr. Rouse made the supplementation of the written In following comments: since the last meeting of the Committee, we In our operations have tried to maintain reasonable continuity and stability in the period beset by unusual holiday and year-end money market in a Under the circumstances, we were necessarily guided gyrations. feel of the market. The three-month bill rate mainly by the of the 2-1/2 - 2-3/4 per cent range worked to the upper part when it moved up further to 2.82 per cent in until yesterday, of the Treasury bill auctions yesterday and today. reflection rate was quite firm through the first half of The Federal funds holding at the 3 per cent "ceiling" for several the period, consecutive days between Christmas and New Year, but it has
since receded to a 2 - 2-3/4 per cent range. At the same time, the weekly figures published on free reserves have been such as to give no overt indication to the public of a significant shift in policy. Estimated total reserves substantially exceeded the hypothetical projections that have been developed by the Board staff, largely because of special--and apparently temporary--year-end factors. In view of the pressures already apparent in the money market, it would have been impracticable to attempt to hold total reserves down to the hypothetical projected levels. The Treasury's announcement on January 3 of its cash financing plans also resulted in upward pressure on bill rates, since the market has been concerned that more bills might be issued in its second cash offering, expected to be announced next Thursday. The Treasury has been unwilling to confine its range of choice by indicating to the market that it would do its second job outside the bill area. Another unsettling influence on short rates has been the situation in negotiable time certificates of deposit. So far the largest banks, whose certificates trade freely and command the lowest rates, have not, with one exception that we know of, 3-1/8 per cent for six months and 3-1/4 per cent gone beyond for one year. Very few new certificates have been issued at these rates in New York. The First National Bank of Chicago has been aggressive in offering certificates at 3-1/4 per cent for six months and 3-1/2 per cent for one year, but has not issued many so far. The only other banks now offering comparable rates are those whose certificates are not competitive with the best names. The outcome of the Treasury's auction today, and of the second cash offering, for which the books will probably will have a further bearing on the time open next Monday, certificate situation. Rate competition from Treasury bills instruments, as well as between the large banks, may and other eventually result in an upward revision in the rates. As to the market for longer-term issues, the atmosphere continues to reflect basic caution despite a somewhat better which has resulted from an improvement in the corporate feeling markets and a related belief that rates will not and municipal move sharply higher in the near future. The calendar necessarily of forthcoming new corporate issues is moderate until the $300 million A.T. & T. issue in the middle of February; the municipal calendar is more substantial. The Treasury seems inclined to offer a coupon issue in its new cash financing to be announced Thursday, possibly a reopening
of an outstanding issue of notes or intermediate bonds. Payment for the issue will be on January 23, after which there will be a gap of a week before a decision will be made on the $11 billion February refunding. Thereupon, upon motion duly made and seconded, the open market transactions during the period December 19, 1961, through January 8, 1962, were approved, ratified, and confirmed. Mr. Noyes presented the following statement with respect to economic developments: The professional pessimist can still ply his trade by speculating as to whether the world will end in the bang of a fireball or the whimper of fallout, but there can be little 1961 ended on a stentorian note. While this was question that evident in almost every sector, the most spectacular improvements around the year end were in retail trade and unemployment. had fluctuated in a narrow range earlier in Retail sales, which the recovery, moved up vigorously in October and November. Department store sales were at a record 157 per cent of the 1947-49 average, and trade reports suggest further improvement in the nonautomotive group in December--but perhaps not enough to carry the total up further in the face of the drop in auto sales from the advanced 7 million annual rate in November to a 6.1 million rate in December. Unemployment in December held at the 6.1 per cent level November--a favorable sign when one considers the reported for size of the drop from October to November and the persistence of near 7 per cent rates earlier in the year. We are still uncertain as to whether industrial production in December will be up 1 or 2 points, but an increase to 115 or 116 seems assured. construction activity receded from Like auto sales, total but it was still at a high level the advanced November rate, private residential construction continued and within the total to advance. We are estimating GNP for the fourth quarter at $542 billion-- $16 billion, or 3 per cent, from the third quarter. As a gain of by the rise in retail sales, the striking feature of indicated the improvement in this quarter was the fact that it involved a sizeable increase in final takings, as well as a somewhat higher rate of inventory accumulation.
Consumer credit extensions picked up sharply in October and November, primarily as a result of improved auto sales. The net addition to outstandings in December is not likely to be so large, but there will probably be some further increase, placing the fourth quarter in sharp contrast to the first nine months of little change. Generally, prices have remained stable. The consumer price index declined by an insignificant amount in November and there is a possibility that December may show another small decline. If anything, sensitive commodity prices appear to have edged up a little since I reported to the Committee three weeks ago, but they are still below their level at the end of November. prices have declined rather sharply since the Common stock turn of the year, despite the more optimistic appraisal of the over-all outlook and the prospects for corporate profits. However, the rally late yesterday afternoon may mark the end of this decline. The widespread expectation is that the President will propose a balanced budget in his message to the Congress later this month--a not inconsiderable increase in expenditures being offset, along with the deficit in the current fiscal year, by a sizeable increase in revenues stemming from expanded economic activity. Meanwhile, improved sales and profits in the fourth quarter have probably already moved Government expenditures and receipts on an income and product account basis close to balance. No commentary on the economic situation at the turn of the year would be complete without some mention of the record expansion of bank credit--and especially of bank loans in December. The $775 million increase in business loans at city banks, which substantially exceeded the gain in any corresponding period, was taken by many the strongest evidence to date that we have moved out observers as of the period of recovery into the expansionary phase of the cycle. Certainly, the increased willingness and capacity of borrowers is further evidence of the strength of the upward thrust. seems to be universal agreement that the most important There single threat to continued orderly economic expansion at the present time is the situation surrounding the expiration of the steelworkers' contract at mid-year. Not only the possibility of a prolonged strike but inventory accumulation in anticipation of either a strike or a substantial upward price adjustment could have a damaging effect on the unusually good balance which has marked the recovery to date. So far, there has been quite a bit of talk about inventory build-up, but little evidence that physical inventory is actually being taken on in large amounts relative to current consumption. Recent reports that steel orders have leveled out at fairly high rates suggest more of a "wait and see" attitude for the moment than a scramble to build up stocks.
In summary, one might say on the one hand that neither market conditions nor current rates of material and human resource utilization suggest an imminent inflationary situation. On the other hand, the rate of expansion in the fourth quarter does not seem to call for further autonomous stimulation of the economy in the form of rapid credit expansion. In these circumstances, it is difficult to say what sort of a policy with respect to credit and monetary expansion would be conducive to orderly and sustainable growth. Even if one does not agree with those who argue that it is always a wise policy to let market forces reflect themselves against the background of a steady moderate rate of growth in bank reserves, such a policy would seem to have much to recommend it in the present situation. Mr. Mitchell inquired whether the ratio of retail sales, seasonally adjusted, to disposable personal income was high or low in November and December relative to previous standards, to which Mr. Noyes replied that in the first nine months of the year retail sales were low by historical standards in relation to disposable personal income. In October and November the ratio moved up, although not to anything approaching the levels that prevailed in the early 1950's. Mr. Thomas presented the following statement with respect to credit developments: In recent weeks credit markets have been dominated by holiday and year-end credit demands, which were even larger than usual. credit increased sharply and, although the volume of available Bank reserves increased substantially as a result of market factors, was not enough to meet demands. Member banks increased the supply their borrowings at the Reserve Banks and in the Federal funds short-term money rates rose somewhat to the highest market, and levels since mid-1960. Long-term bond yields, after rising in November or early December, were faily steady during the past three weeks. Publicly-offered new capital issues have been in relatively small volume, but there was a substantial volume of private placements of corporate securities during December. Prospects
are that offerings both of corporate and of State and local government issues will continue seasonally light in January. Capital markets have been influenced, however, by the announcement that the A.T. & T. Corporation will offer $300 million of new securities for cash in February. Common stock prices, after reaching new high levels early in December, have declined markedly during the past two weeks for reasons not yet evident, unless it is that they had risen too much in terms of prospects for profits. The most striking recent credit development was the large increase in bank credit during December. The expansion in bank loans was close to or above the record increase in December The increase seems to have been concentrated at city banks to an even larger extent than is usual for December. Loans to businesses and to finance companies for tax and other year-end needs increased somewhat more than usual, and loans on securities showed large increases, as is customary in December. There have also been some fairly large loans by U.S. banks to foreign borrowers. In addition, banks added rather large amounts to their holdings of securities, other than Governments. Although city bank holdings of Treasury bills increased substantially, these increases were largely offset by declines in holdings of other Government securities. Dealers, after reducing their positions from the high levels reached in October, showed usual seasonal increases in December. They increased their borrowings--largely at banks--to finance their enlarged positions. Partial figures for the week ending January 3 indicate that the December expansion in bank loans and investments has been followed by a rather large decline at city banks, which may have been concentrated principally in New York and Chicago city banks. Notwithstanding this decline, the figures for the past five weeks as a whole generally equal or exceed those for the same period last year, which was very high. It will be necessary to observe further developments in January before determining whether the sharp expansion in December was a transitory development or is indicative of a trend. As a consequence of the bank credit expansion, the money supply increased much more than seasonally in December and ended the year more than 3 per cent larger than a year ago, with an annual rate of increase of over 6 per cent since last August. These figures should be appraised, however, in the light of the 7 per cent or more increase in G.N.P. in the past year and of the fact that since mid-1959 the money supply has increased by little over 1 per cent, while G.N.P. grew by more than 10 per cent. At the same time consideration must be given to increases in the
public's holdings of other liquid assets, which have been subgreater than the money supply growth. stantially also increased in December. Government deposits at banks U.S. The increase in time deposits at commercial banks, however, considerably from the rapid pace of the past year. slackened City banks showed a decline in time deposits, other New York during December. The effect of higher than savings accounts, have just become effective at a rates on such deposits, which of banks, remains to be seen. considerable number concluded that further expansion in It may reasonably be toward capacity potentials, which are also economic activity require some further expansion in the money supply growing, will and in general liquidity. Growth in deposits has resulted in a greater than seasonal expansion in required reserves. As shown in the chart in the staff memorandum, required reserves against private deposits, after adjustment for seasonal variations, reached a very high level in the week ending January 3 and, with excess reserves averaging nearly $750 million, the level of total available reserves was even higher. Reserves were supplied principally by an even greater than seasonal increase in float. The holiday currency demand--net of changes in vault cash of banks-- was largely counterbalanced by a return flow of currency to the banks in the latest week. There was some drain of reserves from a gold outflow. Absorption of reserves by System sales in the open market was largely offset by additional member bank borrowings at the Reserve Banks. These credit developments may be appraised in light of the economic policy directive, which in brief Committee's current calls for providing reserves for monetary expansion at a somewhat slower rate than in the immediate past, while placing of bill rates at close to the top of emphasis on continuance the recent range. It might be said that credit and monetary after adjustment for usual seasonal variations, has expansion, been at a faster pace than that indicated in the directive, has been based on borrowed reserves, not on but this expansion by open market operations. Bill rates, as a reserves supplied of the pressure of credit demands upon reserve consequence availability, have remained at close to the level indicated. No overt action was taken by the Management to reduce the reserves below the seasonal pattern or to raise insupply of rates. Thus, in the light of circumstances, the Manageterest may be said to have conformed to the directive. ment week, it appears that required reserves During the current than seasonally and total reare declining considerably more are also being reduced by a combination of market factors, serves
System open market operations, and a sharp reduction in member bank borrowings. The reductions in required and total reserves this week, however, will not offset all of the excess expansion in required reserves in December but may bring total reserves down close to the projected level based upon a 4 per cent expansion since the end of November. Further seasonal declines in required reserves--aggregating over $500 million--are to be expected during the next five weeks, as well as a substantial return flow of currency during January. The effects of these additions to reserve availability are likely to be to a large extent offset by a decrease in float from the recent abnormally high level. Because of sales of securities already effected for System Account, free reserves might amount to around $400 million this week and next, unless float continues abnormally high. In the last two weeks of January, in the absence of System sales or of less than seasonal credit contraction, reserve availability would increase substantially as a result of market factors. In February, March, and April, only moderate week-toweek fluctuations in System operations will be necessary in order to maintain an adequate supply of reserves for further growth in the economy. In view of the rapid credit and monetary expansion that occurred in the past month, the generally more optimistic views as to economic prospects, and the continued threat of international drains of dollars, some restraint in supplying additional reserves seems appropriate at this time, particularly if credit demands should remain strong. But further credit and monetary expansion at a moderate pace is certainly desirable. If contraction should exceed usual seasonal amounts in the next few weeks, then restraints would not be proper, unless needed to prevent a decline in interest rates that would lead to an outflow of funds abroad and a loss of gold. It is suggested that, in view of the continued potential for expansion in the domestic economy and in the absence of of speculative excesses, a policy of supplying reserves evidence open market operations in amounts adequate to support through a 3 per cent per annum rate of expansion in the money supply, rate of increase in time deposits at plus a somewhat faster banks, if that should occur, would probably not be excessive. member rapid rate of expansion might be desirable, In fact, a somewhat more but if forces in the economy are strong enough to call for such an increase, the additional reserves needed could be obtained member-bank borrowing. If, on the other hand, speculative through or unsustainable credit demands develop, then interest rates can
be permitted to rise and the discount rate should be increased. But, as yet, the evidence does not point to the need for any such overt restrictive action. Mr. Furth presented the following statement with regard to the balance of payments: Once more, there has been no significant change in the international position of the United States. Preliminary and fragmentary figures for December confirm our pessimistic forecast: net transfers of gold, foreign convertible currencies, and liquid dollar assets to foreigners have remained in the neighborhood of $500 million, as in the two preceding months, although December usually brings a substantial seasonal improvement in view of year-end debt payments of foreign countries to the U. S. Treasury of about $200 million. As a result, the net transfers for the fourth quarter probably were around $1.5 billion, as against $0.9 billion in the third quarter and $1.2 billion in the fourth quarter of 1960. The deterioration remains if we consider only those payments that are considered part of the so-called basic balance, i.e., payments on current account and on long-term capital account, and if we eliminate extraordinary transactions, such as U. S. subscriptions to international agencies. The most disappointing aspect of the picture is the steadiness of the deterioration since last summer. The gloom is relieved by only three mildly encouraging features. First, in sharp contrast to 1960, most if not all recent net dollar transfers accrued to foreign private rather than official accounts; the year-end figures are affected by the usual window-dressing of European commercial banks and may give a different impression, but the rapid outflow of foreign funds from the Fed into the market during the first week of January indicates a continuation of the trend to private rather than official accrual. Second, in consequence of that trend most major foreign countries have abstained from converting their dollar gains into gold. The net decline in our gold stock was kept to $500 million, about half of the corresponding amount in the fourth quarter of last year, although more than the total in the first three quarters of 1961. Third, it seems that the recent deterioration did not originate on trade account. Our figures are still too fragmentary to permit reliable analysis; but--unless figures for December spring an unpleasant surprise--the trade surplus was probably higher in the fourth than in the third quarter.
While an increase in capital outflow or in Government expenditures abroad affects the liquidity position of the United States as seriously as would a deficit on trade account, the difference is important for two reasons. First, insofar as the deficit is due to a rise in U. S. investment abroad, it does not diminish the real wealth of the U. S. economy; and second, policy measures aimed at reducing an excessive outflow of private capital or of public funds are not as likely to hurt recovery and growth in the U. S. economy as might the measures designed to reduce, drastically and immediately, a deficit on trade account. However, the longer the deficit persists, the harsher will be the measures needed to correct it. Chairman Martin commented that he had in mind that the Committee would meet again in two weeks. He noted that the Treasury was expected to announce its second cash offering this Thursday and that the problem of the Treasury during the period immediately ahead would have to be borne in mind as comments were made during today's discussion. Mr. Treiber then presented the following statement of his on the business outlook and credit policy: views The contrast between the favorable domestic outlook and the increasingly serious balance-of-payments position has become even more striking since the last meeting. The December balance-ofpayments deficit now shows no real improvement over the huge November figure. For the fourth quarter we are likely to see a near-record deficit of over $6 billion at a seasonally adjusted annual rate. This would imply a 1961 balance-of-payments deficit of over $3 billion (exclusive of special debt repayments), only a minor improvement over 1960. The domestic economy continues to be moving ahead at a reasonably good pace. Over-all prices continue to be relatively stable. Unemployment, despite the recent improvement, continues to be a serious problem. credit expansion in December appears to have been The bank stronger than in November. Total bank credit rose substantially even in December, as business loans and consumer loans expanded vigorously. Bank liquidity remains high. The money supply has risen about 3 per cent in the last year.
During 1961 the Federal Reserve provided the banking system with ample reserves. With the expansion of the domestic economy and bank credit, the Federal Reserve should slow down in the provision of reserves. However, with little sign of imminent inflationary pressures from the demand side and with considerable unused resources, there is nothing in our domestic situation calling for a substantial change in credit policy at this time. But what about the international factors? Our adverse balance of payments is due to a combination of factors including large payments abroad for military purposes, economic aid to underdeveloped countries, and movements of capital funds, especially large amounts of short-term funds. Our good trade surplus is not good enough to offset these other large items. The solution of the problem involves not only monetary and fiscal policy; it involves the whole gamut of policies, both Governmental and private, that affect our economic and financial life, Monetary policy can help, but it cannot do the whole job. Monetary policy should not try to do the whole job, and we should not get into a position in which the public thinks it can. Monetary policy has its most discernible shortrun influence on the movement of funds. U. S. policy should, of course, be aimed not merely at stopping an outflow of short-term funds, but also at bringing about a return flow. An increase in short-term interest rates in the United States, even though the increase be modest, could help to buttress our balance-of-payments position and protect our gold stock. The substantial differential between U. S. interest rates and the higher rates abroad, particularly in Britain, provides a clear incentive to move or divert funds to Europe or to Canada on an uncovered basis for those who have no fear that the foreign currency will soon be devalued. It is not possible to tell the extent to which uncovered funds have moved or have been diverted abroad. Some of the shifts have not necessarily been just for short-term investment but have involved the so-called leads and lags, i.e., movements by those needing a foreign currency sometime in the future, either for direct investment or for the settlement of commercial and other payments. Another factor contributing to the outward flow has been the borrowing of funds in the United States at relatively low interest rates for use abroad. Every day investors and traders decide whether to hold or borrow more or less dollars. A modest further increase in short-term interest rates in the United States would be unlikely to stop completely the outflow of funds or to stimulate an inflow. But investment decisions result from a balancing of
profits and risks; and at the margin a small increase in our rates might, for some investors, tip the balance of advantages in favor of the United States. The psychological impact of even a small increase on the decisions of both private investors and traders and foreign central banks is even more difficult to estimate, but it would probably be substantial. A small additional increase in the Treasury bill rate could help strengthen confidence in the dollar. Our difficult international situation counsels some further increase in short-term interest rates in the U. S. On balance, problem is so severe and our domestic our international financial so good that some further upward movement in rates is economy is justified. of course, the Treasury is in the midst of At the moment, both refunding and cash financing operations. These operations even keel in the money market for the time being. call for an But what about the period following such operations? Early it is customary for the banks to gain reserves and in the year Reserve to absorb reserves. If credit demands for the Federal continue to be strong, they should be permitted to have their in tightening the money market. As market rates influence in the discount rate should be considered. rise, an increase discount rate would signal to those An increase in the of the U. S. to defend the dollar. abroad the determination first, the advantage of the We would reap a two fold benefit: international flow of higher rates here on the influence of an excellent psychological lift derived funds, and, second, understood by persons abroad. On from a signal that is well too early an increase in the rate is likely to the other hand, by many in the United States as evidence of the be interpreted Reserve to apply restraint prematurely. desire of the Federal that there should be a change in the We do not think the next couple of weeks, but we do think discount rate within carefully the role that the disthat the System must consider coming months in our effort to help count rate may play in the For the coming weeks we would to defend the dollar abroad. a slightly less easy monetary like to see a trending toward Treasury bills at about condition, with the rate on three-month 2-3/4 per cent or somewhat higher. suggest that the next meetI was glad to hear the Chairman held January 23. That will enable the ing of the Committee be after the conclusion of the Committee to view the situation under way and before the Treasury Treasury financing now terms of its refunding scheduled for the establishes the middle of February.
Pursuant to the action of the Committee at its last meeting there are now two directives to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, namely, (1) a continuing authority directive and (2) a current economic policy directive. The continuing authority directive appears appropriate. I see no reason to change it. The current economic policy directive presumably will be the Committee has developed a consensus as to prepared after appropriate policy and its implementation. As I stated earlier, that in view of the improved domestic business situaI think tion and the concurrent worsening of our balance of payments, our policy should be one of trending toward a less easy monetary condition, without overt action, with the three-month Treasury bill rate at or above 2-3/4 per cent. following the discussion this morning, the Presumably, Secretary, the Manager, and the Economist will prepare for the consideration of the Committee a draft of current economic policy directive on which the Committee will act after lunch. on the current economic policy I would like to comment directive approved by majority vote following the last meeting of the Committee, with the thought that experience in that connection may be helpful in preparing the policy directive today. economic policy directive is a new venture; we are A current feeling our way with respect to its content and use and the of its preparation. We understood that the directive method would in effect state the conclusions embodied in the consensus of the last meeting, as stated by of the meeting. The consensus the Chairman, and approved by a majority of the Committee in the the lines of concentrating on a bill rate in meeting, "was along part of the range of 2-1/2 - 2-3/4 per cent and trendthe upper a slightly less easy monetary condition. without ing toward overt action." No mention was made in the statement of the consensus of a goal of providing reserves with a somewhat slower rate of increase in total reserves than during recent months. While I have no doubt that the draftsmen were seeking to clarify the consensus and its implications, it seems to me that the the total reserves concept in the draft of direcinclusion of following the meeting could be tive sent to Committee members construed, in effect, as a statement of a new consensus rather a clarification of a previously expressed consensus. than merely policy directive should to us that the current economic It seems set forth as closely as possible the consensus as stated by the and approved by the Committee--perhaps with some reChairman phrasing to add clarity, but without injecting new tests or new interpretations.
We question the advisability of placing primary emphasis on total reserves. We agree that total reserves are an important but among other things they do not reflect the consideration, intensity of the use of reserves. on total reserves are unsuitable as day-to-day Figures member bank balances at the Reserve Banks are guides. While known each day, the amount of vault cash serving as reserves some delay. Even if accurate figures on is known only after were available immediately, the figures would total reserves be helpful over a short period only when adjusted for so-called seasonal influences. The seasonal adjustments are far from period for which week is the basic perfect. The statement member banks calculate their reserves and take steps to comply with reserve requirements; it is the period used by the Federal as to whether to supply or absorb Reserve in its calculations week, therefore, must be the period reserves. The statement seasonal adjustments are applied to total reserves. to which of each week shifts slightly from year to But the composition year in terms of the days of the month involved, and this can difference in the light of special dates such make an enormous tax dates, and so forth. Even where the general as holidays, is fairly reliable, just a small outline of a seasonal movement can make a large difference in the factor difference in timing week. And the condition of the appropriate for a particular market over a period as short as a week, or even part of a week, quite important to marginal decisions in the capital can be to erratic seasonals, the total reserve markets. In addition the same short-term volatility that measures also suffer from credit and deposits. The cause might be an besets total bank abnormal upsurge in Government securities dealers' borrowings or a spate of corporate borrowing to make around a tax date, in Defense Department progress payments, or up for a slowdown causes that would perhaps be identifiable any of numerous other much later, if at all. it is impossible to the light of all these factors In seasonal adjustments that will produce, over make adequate a statement week, the correct target a period as short as system should have. An level of reserves that the banking factors that appear to prevent effort to offset the various figure could produce such the attainment of the theoretical atmosphere as to impede changes in the money market sharp credit which is among the primary seriously the smooth flow of responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System. We have looked back over our experience during the last have found a number of occasions on which concentrayear and total reserves would probably have had perverse effects. tion on
At times the close pursuit of a total reserves target could have led us to withdraw reserves when market conditions were already quite firm, and to supply reserves when market conditions were already quite easy. I mention these occasions not to discredit the use of total reserves as a factor to be considered but to caution against giving them too much weight. They are an appropriate intermediate reference point for the Committee--intermediate between a measure such as free reserves, with its close tie to the immediate money market atmosphere, and a broader measure such as total deposits or total bank credit. useful total reserves may be as a benchmark for However the Committee, such a measure, for reasons mentioned earlier, is not a satisfactory working guide for the Desk in conducting operations from day to day. I submit that the most satisfactory and workable guide between meetings is an indication as to whether it is desirable that money market conditions and shortterm interest rates continue about the same, or that they trend toward an easier or less easy condition. Success in pursuing can be tested by the feel of the market as such an objective reflected in such factors as the rate on Federal funds, the Treasury bills and other securities, the rates on three-month availability and cost of dealer financing, the amount of member bank borrowing, and other related factors. The effect of operations conducted in the light of such guidelines, on total reserves and other broad measures, can be observed by the Committee at each meeting, and the Committee' s instructions can be adjusted accordingly. said that he was prepared to comment on two Mr. Treiber also if comments thereon were desired at this point. The other matters first matter had to do with the continuing operating authorities usually March organization meeting each year, reference to reaffirmed at the which had been made at the December 19, 1961, meeting of the Committee. with the draft of article prepared for The second matter had to do Federal Reserve Bulletin concerning the Committee's inclusion in the at the December 19 meeting in terminating its three continuing action
statements of operating policies. This draft had been distributed to the Committee with a memorandum from the Secretary dated January 5, Chairman Martin indicated that he felt it would be preferable to defer comments on those matters. For the moment he thought it desirable to consider, in light of the comments made by Mr. Treiber, the current economic policy directive that had been issued following the meeting on December 19. He stated that he would like to have Mr. Young explain the procedure followed in drafting the directive since, if he understood correctly, Mr. Treiber did not feel that the second paragraph of the directive reflected the consensus reached at the meeting. The Chairman said he considered it important that the Committee be advised as to how the difference of opinion arose. out that the December 19 meeting was the Mr. Young pointed first occasion for the staff group consisting of Mr. Rouse, Mr. Thomas, with the preparation of a current economic and himself to experiment new procedure that the Committee had policy directive pursuant to the He noted that various phrases had been agreed upon at that meeting. individuals around the table in describing the kind of operations used by see conducted during the period that was then that they would like to such as "a tendency toward ahead. Some had used phrases immediately particular had stressed this. Other less ease"; the New York Bank in talked in terms of a lesser rate of growth in members of the Committee had meeting when the consensus was reserves. At the point during the total of total reserves was raised and remarks being formulated the question
were made by Mr. Thomas, among others. The consensus was stated generally in terms of tending toward less ease, and Mr. Shepardson had inquired whether the consensus included the objective of a slower rate of growth in total reserves, indicating that he would interpret it as such. In attempting to draft the current policy directive, at which time the minutes of the meeting were not yet available, there was discussion of the sense of the meeting on the basis of recollections. There was discussion by telephone with Mr. Rouse in New York as to the meaning of the words that had been used--the semantics of the problem--and it was argued by Mr. Thomas (and Mr. Young stated that he had concurred) that the expression "less ease" was ambiguous. The point was made that less ease would be brought about by tending toward a somewhat slower rate of growth of bank reserves than the Federal Reserve System had theretofore been encouraging. In the light of that thought, the question was put to whether it would not be a good idea to include both thoughts Mr. Rouse as alternatives. and Mr. Rouse agreed with in the draft of directive Therefore, this was done in the draft of directive that this suggestion. Question then was raised by was sent to the members of the Committee. Young by telephone and said he thought that Mr. Hayes, who called Mr. the Secretariat had, so to speak, taken advantage of the situation by alternative language that referred to putting in the telegram first the toward a somewhat slower rate of increase in total reserves. trending second in the wire. Mr. Hayes The other alternative had been placed
thought the consensus as expressed at the meeting provided for the latter alternative only, and Mr. Young had replied that views on the interpretation of the consensus could differ, but that the Secretariat could be legitimately criticized for the order of the options in the outgoing wire. It was the opinion of Mr. Thomas, and also his opinion (Mr. Young's), as against that of Mr. Rouse that the real meaning of the consensus was to work toward a slower rate of growth in total reserves. Mr. Young went on to say that when the views of the Committee members were received concerning the language of the draft directive, the majority of the eight members who had agreed at the meeting with the implementation of policy according to the consensus favored the alternative language providing for a somewhat slower rate of increase in total reserves than during recent months. The two who favored the second alternative choice of language were Mr. Hayes and Mr. Swan. This was reported by Mr. Young to Mr. Hayes, including the fact that most replies had taken explicit note of the two alternatives presented, of the and the latter agreed that in the circumstances the Secretary had no option but to send the directive to the New York Bank in the form in which it was now recorded in the minutes of the meeting on December 19, Mr. Treiber commented that he had not been trying to be critical of the way in which the situation had developed. A new procedure was
involved, and everyone concerned was feeling his way. Instead, his statement was intended to bring out the view that for a day-to-day guide to the Desk it was preferable to say "stay about where we are" or "less ease" because such expressions were more helpful than to refer to a factor such as the rate of growth of total reserves. As Mr. Thomas had pointed out in his statement today, total reserves had varied several hundred million dollars from the projections because of special factors. Mr. Thomas commented that every objection Mr. Treiber had raised to total reserves would apply to net free reserves and also to the feel of the market. As Mr. Bryan had pointed out at the December 19 meeting, the objectives of the Committee should be stated in terms of what the System could control, rather than what it could not control. It could not control other factors supplying reserves in the market or the demand for credit, which would determine whether there was less or more ease or lower or higher interest rates. Mr. Mitchell commented that the directive must be expressed in terms of what the Manager thought he could do. If he understood correctly, Mr. Treiber had said that the Manager could not operate under the formula contained in the current economic policy directive issued following the December 19 meeting. Mr. Rouse commented that the past three weeks had provided a rather clear-cut example of a situation where total reserves could not be
If they had been used as a guide, this would have used as a guide. resulted in overt action in the market. There would have been such as to have had an adverse effect on the price of a tight situation thinking that there had been a Government securities, with the public System credit policy. It would have been necessary clear-cut shift in out of the market to conform to take $300 or $400 million of reserves directive as far as total reserves were concerned. to the terms of the had developed as the result of special factors. An extreme situation along with the total reserve objective, as stated in Had the Desk gone that would have accentuated the situation. If the Desk the directive, had taken out of the market the amouht of reserves that the total suggested, this would have had a drastic effect on market reserve concept prices. Mr. Thomas noted that the Desk did take $300 million of reserves by open market operations in the past period, and that out of the market by member bank borrowing. If the Manager had tried those were replaced at something like the level this period to maintain free reserves in policy of feeding the he would have followed a mistaken indicated, free reserves decline and let the economy. Instead, the Manager let banks obtain any additional reserves they wanted to obtain by borrowing. directive, even though this put Desk did the job of following the The below the level implied by some of the comments at the free reserves 19 Committee meeting. December
Chairman Martin then commented that it would be well for everyone to have a chance to study Mr. Treiber's statement. There were bound to be difficulties as the Committee got into the new procedure adopted at the December 19 meeting. Words had different meanings to different people around the table. However, it should be emphasized, in regard to the new procedure, that the Committee ought to try to do its best to get a consensus. The New York Bank had rendered a service by making available the paper presented by Mr. Treiber. At the same time, the Committee should not get too sticky about words unless it knew precisely what it was doing. It would hardly be possible to have anything written exactly in the way that would suit each individual best. said that the experience cited by Messrs. Treiber Mr. King and Young illustrated the advisability of formulating the current policy directive and voting on it before each meeting adjourned. economic Chairman Martin replied that the procedure beginning with this meeting, as agreed to by the Committee at the December 19 meeting, contemplated voting on the current economic policy directive when the following a luncheon recess. Committee reconvened a continuation of the usual goThe Chairman then called for around of views on the economic situation and monetary policy beginning with Mr. Ellis. that the terminology used by Mr. Noyes in Mr. Ellis said the over-all economic situation at the end of 1961 could describing situation in New England. The record of department well be applied to the
was excellent, not only for the Boston area but New England store sales as a whole. Sales for the year, on a cumulative basis, were about 5 per cent over 1960, one of the best records of any District. Automobile sales continued brisk in December, and this briskness carried over into field. Manufacturers were experiencing order increases the manufacturing and were responding by slow expansion in their production, after seasonal There was evidence of the increased activity in electric adjustment. power consumption and the number of man-hours worked in manufacturing. However, even though 1960 was a year of relatively low manufacturing employment, there was still only a gain of 0.3 per cent in 1961. Statistics on other employment were stronger, but on a year-to-year basis the increase in total employment was only about 1 per cent. On the other hand, insured unemployment was some 25 per cent below year-ago levels. Continuing, Mr. Ellis said that during the past few months activity in New England had been rising more rapidly than construction whole. On a cumulative basis, it had recovered to in the nation as a extent as to match the national pattern. Banking statistics such an steady expansion in economic activity. Debits and demand reflected the and in December check volume at the Federal deposits were up materially, of 1960 on a year-to-year basis. Very Reserve Bank was 12 per cent ahead in interest rates on time and banks had as yet announced increases few savings deposits. Business loans rose further in December, and loan-deposit ratios matched year-ago levels. The banks continued to shorten their
portfolios of Government securities. Except for one two-week interval, District banks had been heavy sellers of Federal funds since late September. Turning to the national economy and monetary policy, Mr. Ellis said he was attracted to an analysis that started with recognition that throughout 1961 the Federal Reserve System had supplied about as many reserves as the banking system could absorb without pushing short-term rates down to such a degree as to stimulate short-term capital movements. He agreed that there should be some further bank credit and monetary expansion. However, if the System continued to supply reserves to the same extent as in the past, speculative tendencies and credit excesses could be expected to develop. Therefore, the System should provide only for some steady reserve growth. Then, if market demands should become more intense, the banks would borrow and the market would tighten itself. Only after such tightening should there be a confirming discount rate action on the part of the Federal Reserve System. At the December 19 meeting the Committee had adopted a policy of providing additional slower rate, with a shading of policy toward somereserves at a somewhat ease. Since the Treasury would be conducting financing operations what less seem appropriate to make no change at in the next few weeks, it would this time in the basic policy adopted at the December 19 meeting. Mr. Ellis also said that in view of the traditional year-end he had been quite satisfied with conditions in the money difficulties,
market and with the actions of the Account Management during recent weeks. He would expect the Desk to vary from strict adherence to the language of any directive if market conditions developed that were at variance with expectations at the time the directive was issued. For the period ahead, he would favor a current economic policy directive much along the lines of the existing directive. Mr. Ellis said he had viewed the new format of the directive as an opportunity to experiment with the use of factors that the Committee might consider most important at any particular time. On occasion he believed the directive should refer to total reserves, and to other factors. Given the present situation, he would on occasion policy would be to refer to some expansion of the volume expect that the anticipate net free reserves in the $400 million of reserves. He would bills of around 2-3/4 per cent, area and expect a rate on short-term funds occasionally at 3 per cent but mostly just below. with Federal As to the continuing directive, Mr. Ellis said he would like at an understanding whereby that directive to see the Committee arrive without having an official motion made and would be renewed each time As to the current directive, he would drop acted upon at each meeting. action shall be taken to reduce unduly the out the sentence: "No overt bring about a rise in interest rates." In saying supply of reserves or to that the Desk should proceed to take this, he did not mean to suggest sentence may have seemed appropriate action. However, while this overt
the first time the Committee adopted its current procedure, he questioned whether it was wise for the Committee constantly to refer to what it proposed not to do. As to operations in the longer-term area of the market, he hoped that implementation of the current directive would not lead to the purchasing of longer-term securities in such degree as to suggest that the Federal Reserve was dominating the market. On the other hand, he would favor maintaining contact with the market over the entire range of maturities. said that during the closing weeks of 1961, expansion Mr. Irons moved ahead rather substantially in the Eleventh District. The year had note. Department store sales in December were up ended on a strong month. The industrial production index substantially from the preceding a new record high, with advances spread rather widely throughout rose to areas. There had been a seasonal advance the manufacturing and mining and refinery activity also improved. Construction in crude oil production, sharply; it looked as though 1961 would be up about activity moved ahead year. There had been little change in 7 per cent from the preceding figures, except for the seasonal movement, while unemployment employment per cent of the labor force. Agricultural in the area was about 4.9 per cent improvement in cash farm was very good, with about a 7 activity the year 1961 as a whole. income indicated for Turning to banking, Mr. Irons said there was strength at year-end, the year, loans and investments each were up with loans up sharply. For
about 10 per cent. At the end of the year, demand deposits also showed a strong advance, especially deposits of individuals, partnerships, and corporations. The banks appeared to be in a reasonably liquid position. Except for some temporary borrowing incident to year-end adjustments, borrowing from the Federal Reserve Bank had been quite nominal. There had been a spreading tendency throughout the District to raise interest savings deposits, with considerable advertising, but rates on time and comments by bankers indicated that the increases were made with personal reluctance. commented that the dominant factor Turning to policy, Mr. Irons be the Treasury's intervention in the market, in the period ahead would maintaining the status quo as nearly as possible during which suggested By this he meant that policy should continue the next two-week period. manner as during the past three to be implemented in about the same all of the year-end disturbances, he felt that weeks. Considering in operating in a way that carried York Bank had done a good job the New to him that the draft of Further, it had seemed out the consensus. of the consensus. The distributed, was a good statement directive, as various ways, but he was agreeable could have been written in directive would envisage a bill rate the next two weeks, he to it as written. For rate between 2-3/4 and 3 per 2-3/4 per cent and a Federal funds around While he would provide some reserves cent, with reasonable fluctuations. object if the market firmed against if such were needed, he would not
itself somewhat; however, there should be no direct action on the part of the Desk to bring about such a firming development. The domination of the Treasury in the picture may have caused some disturbance in the market, Mr. Irons noted. In his view the Desk should work largely according to the feel of the market, at the same time watching interest rate movements and reserve availability. Two weeks from now the Committee would have an opportunity to look at what had happened and see what action it might want to take. Perhaps that action would be a little more affirmative than seemed warranted today. Developments were moving in the direction where, from the standpoint of both domestic and international factors, monetary policy action might be more clearly indicated. The strengthening of the economy might cause domestic considerations to fit into the same kind of policy that the Committee would want to follow from the point of view of international considerations. Mr. Swan reported that the business situation in the Twelfth District continued to improve. While employment data for December were not yet available, construction and manufacturing led a general advance in November and reports of employer hiring intentions for the next few months suggested a further improvement in most of the major labor markets in the District. Steel production rose in December, and demand strengthened for copper and zinc. As elsewhere, department store sales were strong in December and new car sales, on the basis of early
registrations in California, were quite good. In the three weeks ended December 27, weekly reporting banks showed substantial increases in business, real estate, and consumer loans. They also increased their holdings of Government and other securities. Virtually every major bank in the District had gone to a 3-1/2 per cent interest rate on savings accounts and many of them had also announced a 4 per cent rate on one-year certificates or some kind of special savings accounts. The 4 per cent rate loomed very large in the advertisements and the 3-1/2 per cent rate very small, but this did not reflect exactly the situation that the banks would like to see develop. One bank had made an estimate that the 4 per cent money represented by special certificates was coming from the bank's own savings depositors, as against funds from other sources, in a ratio of about 3 to 1. In view of the substantial volume of savings deposits held by District banks, many banks were concerned at the moment about earnings and were looking around for higher yields, including the possibility of shifting into municipals from U. S. Government securities. In terms of policy, Mr. Swan pointed out that it had already been noted several times at this meeting that Treasury financing operations rather obviously dictated an even keel, that is, no change in policy for the immediate future. He would include in that picture no change in the discount rate. As also had been mentioned, the past three weeks provided an illustration of market forces tightening the situation. It did not seem to him that in the weeks immediately ahead
the Committee would want to do anything to promote this tightening. However, it probably would continue to some extent due to market forces, which posed some problem relative to maintaining an even keel. The behavior of the bill rate in the past three weeks had been in line with what the Committee had indicated in its directive, Mr. Swan pointed out. While he was not sure that this result could be achieved, he would hope that some margin could be maintained between the bill rate and 3 per cent. He would favor a bill rate around 2.75 or 2.8 per cent, yet it seemed to him that if the rise should continue and the rate should approach 3 per cent, that would tend to add, in a self-reinforcing the upward pressure on rates. If it should begin to create sense, to expectations that a discount rate increase might be imminent, that would tend to reinforce upward pressures in the market, and there were enough such pressures from other market expectations at the moment. Since it did seem that some selling might be ahead in terms of seasonal factors, this might imply a possibility of absorbing reserves by selling some than bills, unless that would in turn conflict with securities other on the securities offered by the Treasury financing plans, depending in its cash financing. Some problem might develop in that Treasury area, but of course this could not be known at the moment. the inclusion of the total reserve concept in the Regarding directive, Mr. Swan said that although he was one of those who had preferred the other phrasing of the draft directive, he thought the
directive did reflect the attitude at the December 19 meeting. On the broader question of the general use of a reference to total reserves in the directive, he had some sympathy with Mr. Treiber's remarks. It seemed to him that total reserves were valuable as a general indicator the Committee had been and where in the longer run it might of where On the other hand, he had some question about the use of want to go. He appreciated the fact that the total reserves as a short-run guide. of the availability of reserves was important, that a reduction question reserves because required reserves had increased was different in net free from a reduction because total reserves went down. However, he still the source of the additional available reserves. had a question about partly, of what was meant by providing reserves. This might be a problem, average daily excess of $481 ended January 3, there was an In the week total reserve target. He would agree that million of reserves over the have offset this, yet as Mr. Thomas the Desk could not appropriately member bank borrowing rather this excess had resulted from indicated, Desk. Nevertheless, this action on the part of the than positive of over $300 million in total the fact that the increase illustrated was quite different from an increase reserves, as supplied by borrowing, Reserve initiative through open market operations. as supplied by Federal had suggested in his statement 19 meeting, Mr. Thomas At the December should be total reserves--or nonthat the specific guide to operations than free reserves or interest rates. But the borrowed reserves--rather
phrase inside the dashes did not receive any further attention. Therefore, he wondered whether, for shorter or longer-run reserve guidance, the Committee should not look more specifically at nonborrowed reserves. By subtraction, one could get that out of the staff memorandum, but he would like to have the figure actually shown. This had not made much difference when there was little or no borrowing, but when borrowing rose substantially the Committee might want to consider nonborrowed reserves as well as total or free reserves. Mr. Swan also said that he was not sure that the Committee should discard free reserves as a guide even if it wanted to deemphasize that statistic. Whether rightly or not, the market attached considerable weight to free reserves. From that standpoint, it seemed quite fortunate that the average of free reserves ($341 million) for the week ended December 27 was the revised figure, issued a week later, rather than the estimate. For the next two weeks, and thinking in terms of an even keel, he felt that the Committee might have in mind free reserves of $400-$450 million rather than $400 million and below. As to the directive, Mr. Swan said he would agree with Mr. Ellis that the last sentence in the directive issued after the December 19 meeting was not only unnecessary but could be harmful. It stated what should not be done rather than what should be done. In a final comment, Mr. Swan referred to the provision in the procedure for reallocation of securities in the System Open Market Account
whereby when a Reserve Bank's reserve ratio falls below 30 per cent on the next to the last business day of a statement week or month, an adjustment is made in Account participations to bring that Bank' s ratio back to 35 per cent. However, the result of the procedure was to bring the Bank' s ratio to above the System reserve ratio at the present time. If the Committee so desired, the procedure could, of course, be changed at the March organization meeting. He simply mentioned the matter for what it was worth. Mr. Deming commented that the procedure of reporting at Committee meetings every two or three weeks perhaps tended to cause some loss of perspective. Looking at personal income, the Ninth District did not gain as rapidly as the nation in the last half of 1961. However, it had been gaining more rapidly through the middle of 1961. When one looked at the last half of the year relative to the beginning of 1960, the District had shown a better gain than the nation. Perhaps, therefore, the situation in the District was not as bad, in a relative sense, as he might have seemed to imply from time to time. Department store sales in November and December set a new record for the Ninth District, Mr. Deming said, and last year the District did somewhat better than the country as a whole in comparison with 1959. It was probably fair to say that the District was still suffering somewhat, relatively speaking, from the effects of the drought last summer, but it was moving back in line with the rest of the country. Even in the banking
area, where loan demand in the District had lagged the nation, the demand in November was up. This trend seemed to have continued in December, with the demand again focusing on the city rather than the country banks. With reference to the results of the recent "Minnesota Poll" on personal finances and general business conditions in 1962, which were published in the Minneapolis Tribune last Sunday, Mr. Deming noted that more than 4 out of every 10 State residents (42 per cent) expected business conditions in the United States to be better in 1962. This compared with 29 per cent in December 1960 and 36 per cent in December 1959. One out of three respondents thought he was going to be better off financially a year from now, as compared with one out of five in December 1960 and one out of four in December 1959. Turning to the national economy and monetary policy, Mr. Deming said he was one of those who had believed that total reserves would be a good guide for the Desk. He had so stated at the December 19 meeting, at which time he also stated that he thought the movement should be toward less ease. He had some sympathy with what Messrs. Treiber and Rouse had said about total reserves as a guide to the Desk, but he also had some sympathy with what Mr. Thomas had said, namely, that the same criticism would apply to free reserves. Probably, it would likewise apply to nonborrowed reserves, although he had not looked closely. Reviewing the past three weeks, there was no question but that there had been less
ease in the market, which was what the Committee said should happen. The bill rate was in the upper part of the 2-1/2 - 2-3/4 per cent range, as also specifically mentioned by the Committee. With all the year-end churning and other developments, he felt that the Desk had done a good job. It did not hew to the 4 per cent total reserve growth rate target, and would have fared badly had it done so. However, this did not mean necessarily that total reserves would not be a reasonably good guide in the future. The past period was probably as bad from that standpoint as could have been encountered, ad total reserves could be a better operational guide at some time in the future. With regard to the forthcoming two weeks, and probably the period beyond that, Mr. Deming felt that the directive ought to be written in terms of maintaining an even keel. If there was less ease at the moment, that condition probably should be maintained for the next five weeks. words, the present policy should be continued. He would think In other the Committee would not want to recover the reserve surplus--if that that was what one wanted to call it--that had accumulated in the past not to such an extent as to change the feeling in three weeks, at least the market. He would emphasize maintaining the bill rate at around 2-3/4 the next two weeks. There seemed to be no reason for, per cent during and positive reasons against, changing the discount rate at this time. He would renew the continuing directive. said it appeared that business conditions in the Mr. Baughman had continued to improve somewhat, with the steel and Seventh District
automobile industries continuing to be the outstanding factors in the picture. The steel industry saw nothing immediately ahead except a continued rise in activity, due in part to the uncertainty regarding continuation of production but also due in part to a rebuilding of inventories from what the industry believed was a very low level, so far as most users were concerned, at the end of 1961. Contacts in the autobile industry continued to hold a very optimistic view, notwithstanding the decline in the daily average sales rate in December and notwithstanding a gradual cutback by one producer and a continued strike at another producer. There was evidence of some further pickup in employment, mostly in areas primarily concerned with motor vehicles and electrical goods, which were benefiting from an increased flow of defense orders. Recently there had been same recruitment of skilled machine-shop workers in the District by West Coast aircraft firms. Retail sales of general merchandise in December appeared to have moved somewhat closer to the national pattern after a considerable period during which they lagged. The loan picture at District weekly reporting banks had been following about the same trend as in the nation recently, Mr. Baughman said, although there was a little less pickup in security holdings than for weekly reporting banks generally. Even aside from the fact that there was no tax bill maturing in December, and some similar factors, evidence was seen of a pickup in basic loan demand at District banks currently. However, no pickup had been seen in consumer loans, and real
estate lending remained slow. Chicago banks were holding rather large portfolios of bills. Unless there was some change between now and the April 1 personal property tax assessment date, they would seem to be in a better position than usual to meet the demands with which they are always confronted at that time. Early reports from the Reserve Bank's monthly survey of rates paid on time deposits indicated that about 12 per cent of the District banks in metropolitan areas had announced rates of 3-1/2 per cent or more. Most of them had announced a rate of 4 per cent on time certificates of one-year maturity, but there was some variation in respect to paying 4 per cent on savings deposits over one year. A small number of reports available from banks in rural areas gave some evidence of a on savings accounts while offering 4 per tendency to stick to 3 per cent cent on 12-month certificates of deposit. As compared with the experience when the maximum permissible rates were last raised, effective January 1, maximum rates. In rapidly to the new were moving much more 1957, banks 5 per cent of the banks in metropolitan areas January 1957, only about the 3 per cent ceiling. However, a much larger proportion had moved to were at the ceiling rate this time before the ceiling was raised. The their changes in rates only last weeklarge Chicago banks had announced had had little experience with the new rates as of yesterday end, so they that they were getting a large reafternoon. However, they indicated was coming in part from the some evidence that the money sponse, with kinds of financial institutions. of funds from other transfer
Mr. Baughman said, in summary, that evidence was seen of increased activity in the Seventh District. However, there was still a very substantial amount of unused capacity in most industries. Mr. Clay said that for the period immediately ahead it appeared that Treasury financing was the dominant consideration in the formulation of monetary policy--calling for the maintenance of the so-called "even keel." Continuation of essentially the current posture without further tightening would be appropriate for other considerations as well. The Treasury bill rate had reached the level of approximately 2-3/4 per cent that the Committee set as its goal at the last meeting in view of the international problem, and the maintenance of approximately that balance-of-payments rate level would seem to be in order. In terms of the domestic economy, the objective of monetary policy should continue to be that of encouraging economic expansion and the fuller utilization of manpower and other resources. Recent economic developments had been distinctly favorable, but there was still a long distance to go in order to attain the satisfactory level of activity that was essential in the interest of both our domestic and our international problems. Mr. Clay observed that the nature of open market operations would be strongly conditioned by seasonal factors in the weeks imediately ahead. longer-term maturities, but the not be necessary to operate in It might Manager should have the authority to do so if it became necessary to offsales of Treasury bills. The Reserve Banks' discount set some of the rate should not be changed.
Mr. Wayne reported that Fifth District business continued to move ahead at a good rate toward the end of 1961. Strength was evident particularly in sustained record levels of employment and increased consumer buying. Christmas business apparently rose to record volume and was expected to provide additional impetus in some industrial lines. Textile and apparel manufacturers, for instance, viewed the resulting reduction of soft goods inventories as a prelude to a good volume of orders for spring and summer. The construction industry, one of 1961's most consistent sources of strength, gained new support from a strong November increase in contract awards. Furthermore, the November rise included the second largest seasonally adjusted volume of residential awards in the past five years, an encouraging sign for the lumber business, which had thus far failed to respond to the business upswing. Fourth quarter coal production was up considerably from the previous year's level, and producers continued to take a bright view of the future. The tobacco business had a record year all along the line, and the experts foresaw further gains in consumption in 1962. said that after nearly a year of experimentation it had Mr. Wayne become the regular practice of the Richmond Bank to contact a representative group of 65 businessmen every three weeks. Forty-five manufacturers were among those responding to the most recent request. On balance,they trend in new orders, shipments, and employment, but the reported a rising proportion of favorable reports was somewhat smaller than previously.
Hours of work, formerly rising, were reportedly fairly stable. Respondents' views of the outlook for profits were somewhat less salutary than they were a few weeks earlier. The recent strength in bank loan demand across the nation was even more pronounced in the Fifth District, Mr. Wayne said. Business and all other loans had been particularly strong. Mr. Wayne expressed the view that the results of policy since the December 19 meeting had been desirable. He would like to see bill rates edge somewhat further upward, but he would not favor any overt actions to nudge the market--particularly in view of the forthcoming Treasury financing. He believed that every encouragement should be given to any natural tightening forces. Over the past five weeks there had been a definite and fairly strong upward movement in primary spot market prices. It was too early to know whether this would be reflected in the broader price indexes, but in any event it should be remembered that price increases by this phase of earlier recoveries were quite small in comparison to those that occurred later in the upswing. In short, the recent stability of prices might present a somewhat misleading picture of the pressures that would be felt as business activity expanded. Moreover, as Mr. Noyes had pointed out, the strength of the expansion movement was such that it no longer seemed to need further stimulus. Mr. Wayne said he wished to emphasize again that he did not have in mind sufficient tightening to interfere with the Treasury financing.
However, he would encourage any factors moving the System on the way it might have to travel in the months ahead. He would leave the discount rate at 3 per cent at this time. The policy direction or trend contemplated in the current directive should be continued (though he agreed with Messrs. Ellis and Swan that the admonition against overt action should not be allowed to remain in the directive indefinitely). The continuing directive should be renewed. Mr. Mills said he shared completely Mr. Treiber's reservations to use total reserves as an infallible guide to the formuabout attempting lation of monetary and credit policy. His own belief was that there were other satisfactory guides that could be used in combination and had dollar values, including particularly net free reserves. He did not believe that the Committee could legally, or should, abdicate its responsibility by leaving the Desk to be guided completely by its feel and judgment of the market. and prospective developments having a bearing on As to current policy, Mr. Mills presented the following statement: the December 19th meeting of the Open Market Committee, Since factors working through market processes have produced natural the kind of monetary and credit policy climate that preferably should have been developed over many weeks past by conscious Reserve System actions. An abrupt rise in required reFederal actuated by higher demands for bank loans, has been serves, tighter money market and a firmer interest rate reflected in a structure, but has in no wise constricted the basic availability of bank credit. The present situation should now be capitalized upon policy. wise and not thwarted or negated by an impulsive effort to loosen
the money market and bring down interest rates; in fact, to attempt to do so would only confuse market operators, who long ago reasoning the kind of money market conjustified in their own ditions that have eventuated. (To interpolate, there is now a projected level of free reserves in the area of $550 million for the current statement week, and as of yesterday the rate for Federal funds dropped below 2 per cent. I would feel that this is a negation of the policy that should appropriately be carried out.) As far as the Treasury's prospective financing program is concerned, the adequate credit base presently serving the private borrowing needs of the economy is also broad enough to support the Treasury's approaching cash financing, given a temporary reserve assist if a tax and loan account financing procedure is followed at that time. A monetary and credit policy appropriate to existing financial and economic circumstances would (in the family sense of the word) "adopt" the kind of policy that has recently developed out of the interplay of natural market factors. The results of such be to tacitly recognize the appearance of firmer a policy would interest rates and their restraining influence both on an overgrowth of credit and on the outflow of gold and dollars from the A wholesome public reaction could be expected to United States. this Federal Reserve System policy stance which would at long last face up to the national and international financial exigencies that the attitudes of many economic observers. dominate for commercial bank loans can Inasmuch as any early demand readily through a rearrangement of bank assets be satisfied (replacing securities with loans), excessive upward pressure on arising from this source, and money market disinterest rates are unlikely. The economic policy directive issued turbances, at the last meeting of the Committee conceives a more liberal monetary and credit policy than is called for. It should, therefore, be modified. Mr. Robertson said he saw nothing in the economic picture today the long-continued policy of even that would justify any deviation from financing, He would hope, however, that keel during periods of Treasury related to the past five-week period rather than the even keel would be the most recent week.
Mr. Shepardson said it seemed to him that the situation portrayed in the current reports, namely, rising activity in the domestic economy and an adverse international payments position, justified a lessened rate of monetary expansion. He was not disposed to argue how this should be measured, but in his opinion the situation had reached the point where the rate of monetary expansion that had prevailed for some time past could be lessened, recognizing of course the necessity of taking into account the Treasury operations over the next few weeks. While these operations should not be upset, he continued to hope that by whatever guideline was appropriate, whether it be free reserves or total reserves or some other guide, the System could slow down a little the rate of expansion of reserves and the money supply. A Treasury bill rate of 2-3/4 per cent or to him appropriate. Likewise, he thought it would be apupward seemed propriate if free reserves were in the area of $400-$450 million rather than $500-$550 million. It would not seem appropriate to consider a discount rate change at the moment, although that might be in the offing. Mr. King said that although business activity clearly was improving throughout the country, he thought it was improving rather slowly. The Committee should be careful not to think that Christmas was necessarily going to last all year. The holiday season buying had, of course, removed shelves and the replacement of that stock would carry stock from some into the new year. Treasury operations were now imminent, and it was difeven keel policy. However, as a reference point for ficult to oppose an
maintaining an even keel, he would take the period beginning January 4, as reviewed in the supplemental memorandum on open market operations received from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. An extension of those conditions would, he thought, be appropriate for this particular month and for this particular type of business cycle, the characteristics of which seemed to differ somewhat from other recent cycles. He would not care to see open market operations conducted in such manner that the current level of free reserves would be reduced too much; the desirability of free reserves as low as $400 million seemed to him doubtful. Mr. Mitchell commented that one could be thankful that economic activity was continuing to expand at a rather steady pace. He did not think there was anyone present who doubted that there was still considerable room for a good deal of additional noninflationary growth. It should be a major objective of Government economic policy, he suggested, to see that this condition continued as long as possible. However, the problem of monetary policy was one of dealing with expectations in the financial area. Anticipations, and speculation based thereon, were the things about which it was necessary to be apprehensive. There was currently a great deal of speculation about a change in Federal Reserve policy, and this had given rise to a considerable amount of uncertainty in financial markets. In his opinion, therefore, this was no time to drop from the current economic policy directive the statement that no overt action signalling a shift in policy was to be taken. An even keel should be maintained during the next two weeks, first, on account of the Treasury situation,
and second, because even apart from that circumstance this would be, at least in his opinion, the right policy. Mr. Mitchell went on to say that there were same things that apfuture, and the Committee should peared likely to cause trouble in the start thinking about them. For a long time there had been a highly artificial level of short-term rates, which served as a deterrent to the stretching out of investment portfolios of many institutions, including banks. If they should decide to stretch out their portfolios, that would have an influence on longer-term rates, which had been quite tranquil, even declining a little. One might look forward to a situation where there would be this kind of action, which would be desirable as far as concerned, and he hoped that the System would not conthe economy was tribute to another abortion of economic activity such as occurred in 1959 by tightening too soon. The current volume of steel orders seemed to the objective of temporary inventory accumlation; therereflect largely was more analogous to a seasonal development than a fore, the situation For this reason, be would try to evaluate the quantity cyclical swing. to finance those orders and accommodate it like a of credit necessary seasonal development instead of attempting to use this temporary phenomenon for a more restrictive monetary policy. So far as financing as a reason steel users' inventory accumulation was concerned, it should not be a signal to set off a sequence of monetary restraint as in 1959. year-end credit statistics should be appraised with Further, caution. It would seem advisable to wait and see the figures for the next
couple of weeks, for they might be toned down quite a bit after a short flare-up around the end of the year. With regard to instructions to the Desk, Mr. Mitchell commented that they should be consistent and capable of being executed. If the directive should become inconsistent, as he understood it was in the past period, the Committee should be gotten together by telephone and asked what it wanted the Account Management to do. The Committee should be able to communicate to the Manager in terms that the latter could understand and that he considered consistent. If the Manager failed to understand or felt that the instructions were not consistent, it was up to the Comittee to make the instructions consistent and understandable. The fact that a difficult problem was involved should not prevent the Committee from attempting to communicate understandably with the Manager, and the Manager should come back to the Committee when he did not get meaningful instructions. Mr. Fulton reported that a year end economic activity in the Fourth District was moving up briskly. For the year as a whole, department store sales were up 3 per cent from 1960, reflecting strength in December. Automobile sales receded slightly in December, as they did nationally. The seasonal rise in unemployment was partly offset by improved job opportunities. However, in the recession the District dropped further in manufacturing employment than the country as a whole, and it had not yet recovered to the same extent as the nation. Turning to the steel industry, Mr. Fulton said that a flood of orders had been coming in for certain types of steel. Order books were
full for the first quarter, with some items being placed on allocation. Shipments were picking up and were due to increase until mid-year. The automotive and appliance industries were taking large tonnage for current production and for stockpiling, with the auto companies insisting that their suppliers accumulate a 90-day inventory in addition to regular production needs. In summary, the outlook was for a booming first half in the steel industry but for a poor third quarter, with no hope seen of avoiding a let-down after mid-year. Operations were now at between 80 and 90 per cent of capacity, but profits were down from prior years, on the basis of comparable tonnage, despite the fact that the steel companies had spent, and were spending, large sums for modernization of equipment and to increase capacity. The labor situation in the steel industry, with its pervasive effects on other industries, was a matter of concern, Mr. Fulton said. The kind of package settlement that was worked out in the automobile industry would be substantially more expensive for the steel companies than for the auto companies, and evidently would necessitate a price increase. In fact, although there was concern about a price increase in light of foreign cominevitable that any substantial labor settlepetition, it seemed almost ment would result in a price adjustment. At present, there was every appearance that a strike would occur; its likely duration was more uncertain. Turning to other industries, Mr. Fulton said he understood that businessmen were appraising the current improvement in activity with caution. They were trying to put their houses in order and to build up
adequate but not excessive inventories. While there had been an abrupt increase in bank loans in the District over the year end, some bankers felt that the increase was temporary, that most of it was in loans on securities and loans to finance companies, and it did not reflect inventory borrowing. Their projection was for a rather steady volume of commercial loans, with no real increase for at least the next 90 days. Turning to policy, Mr. Fulton said he would hope that the bill rate could be maintained at about the 2-3/4 per cent level, with free reserves in the $400-$500 million area if that would contribute to a bill rate around the level mentioned. For the period ahead he would maintain an even keel, with no overt action. He would not change the discount rate at this time. Mr. Bopp commented substantially as follows: There is nothing especially noteworthy to report about the Third District. We, too, have had very brisk department store sales. Except for a recent more-than-seasonal rise in claims in December, the unemployment picture is looking better. In banking, although reserve positions still are essentially easy, there has been a perceptible trend toward less ease. Reserve city banks have been borrowing more frequently, although only small amounts, at the discount window, and they have been more frequent borrowers of Federal funds. We feel that the recent " somewhat firmer "tone of the money market is appropriate and with Treasury operations pending should be continued. I am concerned with the public relations aspect of our current economic policy directive. An important reason for changing our method was to promote public understanding and to facilitate analysis by professional observers. The directive of December 19, 1961 instructed the Manager of the Account to conduct operations so as to produce "a somewhat slower rate of increase in total reserves than during recent months." Actually, as has been pointed out, total reserves have increased much more rapidly. An historian, looking back on this
period, might be tempted to conclude that the Manager had not followed his instructions. This is the kind of evidence in which some historians and analysts delight. In striking contrast to such an interpretation is the fact that everyone who has commented on operations since our last meeting has agreed that the Manager did an excellent job. He was guided by the last two sentences of the directive: "Operations shall place emphasis on continuance of the three-month Treasury bill rate at close to the top of the range recently prevailing. No overt action shall be taken to reduce unduly the supply of reserves or to bring about a rise in interest rates." casts additional light on the nature of This experience our problem. I have been impressed with the view developed long period by Mr. Bryan and Mr. Johns that the direcover a Manager should be as precise as possible and should tive to the be related to the means at his disposal. the last three weeks demonstrates that the Experience in of reserves--total, nonborrowed cannot control the volume Manager they are inadequate guides to policy even if or free; and that were subject to precise control by the Manager. they The Manager operates from moment to moment. His only the short run is over the size and composition of control in the portfolio of securities. The portfolio, of course, is related any invariable or even predictable way. to reserves but not in of the Manager to achieve a precise It is beyond the capacity objective couched in terms of reserves. in terms of yields on Government securities A directive so long as the portfolio of Governcould, of course, be achieved was appropriate on the one hand and there were ment securities on the other. The Radcliffe Commission, excess gold reserves favor a directive couched in I understand its report, would if rates. My own view is that this is inadequate. terms of interest that the Manager can in fact Neither of the two precise criteria of the portfolio and yields on achieve--size and ccmposition for our purpose in our present Government securities--is adequate state of knowledge and foresight. of expressing the This leaves us with the alternatives "tone" or "feel" of the some general term such as directive in which would define these in terms of several criteria market or funds rate, bill rates, volume of words--such as the Federal and so on. The discussion would various reserve magnitudes, indicate to the Manager the relative importance that he should attach to the several items.
I wish we could be more precise; but I would not purchase precision at the cost of occasionally forcing the Manager to do what is clearly not intended. Mr. Bryan said there were no important developments in the Sixth District that differed significantly from national trends. The District had ended the year briskly. However, he was concerned about some longerrun factors in the District. With a heavy percentage of completely unskilled and semi-skilled labor, he was apprehensive that in an age of automation the Sixth District was not prepared to expand as it had in the past decade, and at a rate that was needed. Bryan commented that there had been a number of statements Mr. made during this meeting with which he would take issue, but that he would not go into them at this particular time. As he saw it, every signal was flying to indicate that the Committee should move gradually toward a more restrictive policy. Abstracting the next two weeks, he would suggest, Desk proceed according to its feel of the market and, therefore, that the trend toward a situation of less ease. In view of based on that feel, Treasury operations, he would suggest that for the next two the impending weeks the Desk strive to maintain an even keel. that in the Eighth District production quickened Mr. Francis said declined somewhat in November. Also, bank credit, both and unemployment and investments, expanded in December. But, relying on the evidence loans only moderately during November debits, over-all activity improved of bank below the May to July average. The and, in fact, was still slightly
District had not moved up appreciably from the plateau of activity that appeared about mid-year in both the District and the nation. Longer-term measures suggested that the District was not growing in pace with the nation in several significant economic activities. To a large extent this failure to keep in step with the nation reflected developments in the St. Louis metropolitan area. Employment in St. Louis had lagged national growth, even though the unemployment ratio had been cut to about half what it was earlier in 1961. Bank deposit growth at District member banks in the year to November 1961 did not match the percentage increase for all member banks because time deposit growth was relatively less in the District. Construction contract awards for the first eleven months of 1961 were about 6 per cent below year-earlier levels, in contrast to a plus 2 per cent nationally. Retail sales in the District, according to Census data on Group I stores, were below year-ago volumes in October, whereas nationally the totals were slightly above the previous year. Mr. Balderston commented that although the money supply proper increased only about 3 per cent during the past calendar year, the money time deposits increased about 6 per cent as did the reserves supply plus private deposit expansion. He mentioned that as background supporting for what he was going to say next. This was that since the SeptemberOctober period the reserves supporting private deposit expansion had increased at an annual rate about double the 6 per cent rate of reserve expansion since March 1, 1961. Therefore, he would favor, as a longerrun policy, the continuation of some additions to bank reserves, but at
recently. To repeat a phrase a rate less than the rate that had prevailed that he had used at the December 19 meeting, he would favor a deceleration of the rate of acceleration. However, even though in his opinion that should be the longer-run goal, he would favor approaching that goal gradually. It seemed to him the financial community understood the best when the System moved from one position to another, System's actions or changed from one direction to another, with smoothness and gradualness rather than in a jerky fashion. For the period immediately ahead, of course, precedence must be given to the needs of the Treasury, which would be in the market between now and the middle of February. It was especially important that the large refunding that would take place around the first of February should be a success because $6.2 billion of the maturing securities were held by the public. Consequently, during the February he would favor the maintenance between now and the middle of period of an even keel. After the middle of February, there would be an opportunity for a change of System policy if conditions at that time made such a change seem necessary. Chairman Martin commented that the only thing with which the Committee was immediately concerned today was the forthcoming two-week period. Like Mr. Robertson, he did not see anything in the present picture that would cause the Committee to deviate from the long-held policy of even keel in a period of Treasury financing, and such a period was immediately ahead. Nevertheless, the Account Manager might have a difficult time in trying to maintain an even keel. He (Chairman Martin) had come to have more
and more sympathy for the position of the Account Manager the longer he worked in this field. After commenting that he thought Mr. Bopp had made some good points with regard to the formulation of the current policy directive, the Chairman went on to say that he thought it would be unfortunate, on the eve of Treasury financing, if the language of the present directive with regard to avoiding overt action were to be changed. This illustrated the kind of problem with which the Committee was confronted all the time. There was a major public relations problem involved in explaining System actions to the public. The Chairman then noted that there had been dissents at the December 19 meeting from the implementation of policy according to the consensus, as then stated. Those who had dissented might still feel that the policy expressed in the consensus was not correct. However, they probably would not want to dissent from the maintenance of an even keel during the period of Treasury financing. Mr. Mills said he understood that the even keel policy would be keyed into the sort of reserve and interest rate climate that had prevailed in the period since the meeting of the Committee on December 19, following which Chairman Martin noted that on December 19 there had been a split decision, by vote of eight to four, on the implementation of policy according to the consensus. It would be his understanding that the even keel now being talked about would be an extension of the policy reflected in the majority position then expressed.
Mr. Mills then said that he would have interpreted the weight of opinion today as accepting the sort of climate that had prevailed in the past three weeks, with an interest rate structure that was relatively in line with the averages of that period. Chairman Martin commented that the lesser degree of ease indicated by the directive had been achieved by the Desk, although by a somewhat different route than the directive suggested. Mr. King inquired whether it was fair to say that, if the Desk had followed literally the Committee's directive of December 19, 1961, regarding a slower rate of increase in total reserves that would have resulted in more tightness than actually existed, and Mr. Rouse responded in the affirmative. As the Chairman had stated, the objectives of the Committee had been achieved, but by a different route than indicated by the reference to total reserves in the directive. The Committee's objectives were achieved by following the last part of the directive when it became clear that following the total reserves part would have produced results contrary to those objectives. Mr. Rouse then said he had regarded the consensus at the December 19 meeting as being in the terms used when the Chairman restated his concept of the consensus. The Chairman had said at that point that the consensus, as he saw it, was along the lines of concentrating on a bill rate in the upper part of the range of 2-1/2 - 2-3/4 per cent and trending toward a slightly less easy monetary condition, without overt action. Mr. Rouse added that his interpretation of what had been said today, bearing in mind the Treasury's position, was that the consensus would be
along the lines of concentrating on a bill rate of around 2-3/4 per cent and maintaining the slightly less easy monetary condition that had developed without overt action. thought this was about the only way Chairman Martin said that he the matter could be put. However, Mr. Mitchell commented that he thought of an even keel should mean not moving in any direction the maintenance during a period of Treasury financing. That was not quite the same as saying "a little less ease all the time." Mr. Wayne said he would interpret concept as meaning that the Desk would strive to maintain the even keel slightly less ease that had developed, and with this the position of that this was in conformity with agreed. Mr. Rouse indicated Mr. Mitchell he had expressed previously. the thought Chairman Martin commented that if such a course of action for the it would appear relatively easy for the next two weeks was agreed upon, Account Manager, and the Economist consisting of the Secretary, the group the Committee could consider after the to draft a policy directive that luncheon recess. that the drafting should not be There was no indication of a view along such lines. to the distribution by the At this point Mr. Mills referred 5, 1962, of a draft of statement proposed Secretary under date of January Federal Reserve Bulletin explaining the termination for inclusion in the Committee, at its meeting on December 19, 1961, of the by the Open Market
three statements of operating policies that had been in effect since 1953. This draft had been prepared pursuant to the understanding at the December 19 meeting. Mr. Mills said that he would like to direct the Committee's attention to what he considered an erroneous tone of the draft, a tone which suggested to him that the termination of the operating policy statements reflected a conclusion that the original reasons for operating in Treasury bills exclusively had disappeared. His own conception, and he thought there were good grounds for it, was that the operating policy statements were adopted following a complete review of System open market operations that gave primary importance to the thought that monetary policy could best be conducted within the framework of a free market. It was felt that the free market should determine, with as few impediments as possible, the trend of interest rates. Therefore, the policy would be to operate in bills, except as determined by proper decisions of the Committee. He did not feel that the proposed Bulletin article, in the manner in which it was drafted, brought out that philosophy, as it existed and as it was accepted. If an article of this sort should appear in the Bulletin, he believed it would do an injustice to Mr. Riefler, the former Secretary of the Committee, and his dedicated study of this problem, including the papers Mr. Riefler wrote explaining the operating policies and the reasons for their adoption. The same thing might be said with regard to the comments in the paper that and Yager wrote more recently and presented at a Harvard Messrs. Young
seminar. In his opinion it would be a disservice to permit an article to be published without taking fully into account the different facets of the System' s operating principles. Chairman Martin suggested that the Committee should put down for discussion the question whether or not it wanted to have an article published in the Bulletin. It was not entirely clear, he thought, from the December 19 minutes whether the Committee did or did not. The subject should be taken up at the next meeting of the Committee for discussion in its entirety. Mr. Treiber noted that the Secretary' s memorandum transmitting the draft article had suggested the possibility of publication of such an article in the January or February issues of the Bulletin. It seemed to him that it would be advisable to wait at least until the February issue. subject and should be studied carefully. He inquired This was an important whether another draft would be envisaged in the light of comments received. that the Secretariat was expecting comments and Mr. Young replied had in mind preparing a redraft in the light of those comments. In further discussion there was general agreement that publication in the January issue should not be considered, and the Chairman of an article commented that the Committee did not need to decide at this time whether issue. In reply to a question, he to publish an article in the February stated that any comments on the draft should be submitted as promptly as feasible.
The Chairman then referred to the continuing authority directive to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York that had been adopted by the Committee at the meeting on December 19, 1961, and inquired of Mr. Rouse whether the latter saw need for any change at this time, to which Mr. Rouse replied in the negative. Mr. Treiber said it was his understanding that the directive would continue in effect unless the Committee took action to change it in some respect. If the Committee decided not to make any change, the directive would remain in effect. Mr. Robertson and Chairman Martin expressed agreement, and there were no comments to the contrary. Accordingly, it was understood, without objection, that the continuing authority directive, as adopted at the December 19 meeting of the Committee, would remain in effect. Mr. Hexter, Assistant General Counsel, entered the room at this point. Chairman Martin turned next to the subject of Federal Reserve operations in foreign currencies, stating that in accordance with the understand19, 1961, further discussions had now been ing at the meeting on December held with the Treasury. From the minutes of the December 19 meeting, he did not think that the scope of the authorization for further discussion for agreement that the matter should be explored was entirely clear, except with Counsel for the Treasury. He noted that there had now been received and distributed to the Committee a letter from Robert H. Knight, General
Counsel of the Treasury, dated January 8, 1962, transmitting a copy of his opinion to the Secretary of the Treasury with regard to the power under existing legislation of the Federal Reserve System to conduct operations in foreign currencies under the proposed plan being considered by the Open The Chairman then turned to Mr. Hackley and asked that Market Committee. he report to the Committee on his discussions with Mr. Knight. stated that yesterday afternoon, after some previous Mr. Hackley the matter, Mr. Knight brought to him a two-page memorandum discussion of Secretary of the Treasury in which he expressed general addressed to the legal conclusions set forth in Mr. Hackley' s memorandum concurrence with the Committee of November 22, 1961. Further, as indicated to the Open Market asked the Department of Justice whether in his memorandum, Mr. Knight had his (Mr. Knight's) opinion, and he had the Attorney General concurred in that the Attorney General did authorized by that Department to state been concur. gratifying to know that the Hackley commented that it was Mr. he would like to make it plain concurred. He added that Attorney General with the legal conclusions reached in that he (Mr. Hackley) was satisfied had indicated before, he would However, as he his November 22 memorandum. enacted specifically authorizing it preferable to have legislation consider The Attorney General's operations in foreign currencies. the proposed of the Federal Reserve System; supported the legal position opinion perhaps that opinion might make it less necessary to seek legislation. Furthermore,
if legislation was sought but was not enacted, that might politically, if not legally, weaken the System's position under present law. Nevertheless, Mr. Hackley said, he would still prefer to have legislation if there could be some definite assurance that such legislation would be promptly enacted. Chairman Martin commented at this point that the obtaining of the Attorney General's comments was an outgrowth of a Federal Reserve suggestion, made in the light of points raised by several members during previous discussion of the subject by the Open Market Committee. upon Mr. Young, who said that last week The Chairman then called at his (Mr. Knight's) initiative, and asked Mr. Knight came to his office, matter informally. Mr. Knight stated that if he could discuss this whole he had arrived at a legal opinion that would concur with Mr. Hackley' s indicated, rather vaguely, that he might get the conopinion. He further He seemed to have had some concurring opinion of the Attorney General. the Attorney General's Office about the subject. It was versations with opinion was now firm, it would be to Mr. Knight that if his own indicated available for this meeting of the Open Market helpful to have that opinion was disposed to concur, it would Also, if the Attorney General Committee. at the same time, since there to have his concurrence reported seem helpful of Committee members that they would be had been some indication on the part Attorney General thought about this interested in knowing just what the problem. Knight then went into the matter went on to say that Mr. Mr. Young he had been discussing with Mr. Hackley. of legislation, which he stated
Mr. Knight indicated that there were some rather strong reservations at the Treasury about seeking legislation at this time and gave three grounds for those reservations. First, the international situation was very tender, particularly with respect to volatile flows of funds. It was not clear just what was happening in international markets, but indications from figures that had been reported to him at the Treasury were not too favorable. In such circumstances, if there were discussions on the Hill, they might be agitating to the markets. Second, to the extent that the problem was one of obtaining clarifying legislation, it was felt that it might be better to seek such legislation after the Open Market Committee had had some experience in order to determine what its problems and limitations were. Presumably and hopefully, its operations in the initial stages would be on a relatively small scale. Third, there was a range of ideas on the Hill with regard to the Federal Reserve System, including varying views with respect to the operations and the organization of the System. Legislation, if sought, might become a vehicle for adding various amendments the nature of which could not be foretold. said that the balance of his discussion with Mr. Knight Mr. Young related to problems of organization and relations with the Treasury. On the matter of organization, Mr. Knight indicated a Treasury preference for started under the immediate direction of a an operation that would be special subcommittee of the full Open Market Committee. In that respect, why the original design of the staff Mr. Young explained to him the reasons been changed so that the responsibility from the outset would proposal had
be in the hands of the full Committee. Mr. Young related to Mr. Knight the feeling that since this was not an undertaking which, if entered into, it would be easy to withdraw from, it would probably be best from the outset to go forward with the full Committee having the responsibility. After this explanation Mr. Knight seemed to concur, or at least to be satisfied. Mr. Knight then went into the matter of how responsibility might be divided between the Federal Reserve and the Treasury. He advanced very tentatively an idea of his for discussion and asked whether or not the Reserve staff proposal with regard to the division of responsibility Federal was intended as more than a starting point for negotiations. Mr. Young explained to him that the proposal, before being presented to the Open Market Committee, had been seen by Under Secretary of the Treasury Roosa, however, of getting any commitment. In fact, Mr. Roosa not with the idea, unable to make any commitment because he was not in a posiwould have been and with the Secretary of the Treasury. tion to consult with his colleagues could only be regarded as a beginning point for Therefore, the proposal and discussions between the Federal Reserve and the Treasury negotiations to go ahead with the program. Mr. if the Open Market Committee decided at the moment the Federal Reserve staff Young said he told Mr. Knight that to discuss the division of any instruction from the Committee was without The staff would have to await an instruction responsibilities in any detail. from the Committee. yesterday with the about an hour said he spent Chairman Martin thought there had been a fairly good Secretary of the Treasury and that he
meeting of the minds. The Secretary went over with him the points Mr. Young had just presented regarding the question of seeking legislation. As could be seen, there were real problems involved. Where he and the Secretary came out was that on the basis of the concurring legal opinions, and without crossing the bridge as to what specific legislation, if any, should be sought, the Open Market Committee might want to authorize him (Chairman Martin) to take the matter up with the Chairman of the House and Senate Banking and Currency Committees in order to get their advice. If the Open Market Committee wished to give such authorization, he would then report back to the Committee on January 23. In this manner, the Open Market Committee would be in a position to have the benefit of some further guidance. If the Committee Chairmen, after hearing Chairman Martin' s explanation, introduction of legislation would cause a should feel strongly that the great deal of stir, it might be better not to embark on that course. In the Secretary of the Treasury concurred. Whatever this, he thought operations in foreign currencies could advantages there might be in System destroyed by a long Congressional debate on the subject. be completely that apparently there would be some The Chairman then commented System should decide to move forward without publicity even if the of specific legislation. If he underCongressional sanction in the form the Board would have to make an amendment to one of its stood correctly, regulations. would have to make an amendMr. Hackley responded that the Board N, Relationships with Foreign Banks and Bankers, and ment to Regulation
certain instructions would have to be issued by the Federal Open Market Committee. It would seem to be a matter of judgment whether those instructions should be made public. Chairman Martin noted that a delicate problem was involved, particularly in view of the balance-of-payments information that would be coming out at the middle of the month. He suggested that the opinion of the Treasury's General Counsel be studied in conjunction with the opinion of Mr. Hackley. Also, he would propose, if the Committee was willing, to explore this matter with the Chairman of the Banking and Currency Committees and to report back to the Open Market Committee. Then there could be a full discussion at the next Committee meeting against the background of whatever he (Chairman Martin) could develop from the discussions with the Committee Chairmen. Mr. Treiber said he considered this a very important matter, on which it was important to move forward. He thought it would be highly desirable for Chairman Martin to talk with the Chairmen of the Banking and Currency Committees. Mr. Mitchell observed that none of the people being consulted, including the Chairmen of the Banking and Currency Committees, would appear to have anywhere near the same stake in the matter, in terms of prestige and public relations, as the Federal Reserve. If the Federal Reserve got into the proposed operations via the back door and made a mistake, particularly with no precedent for such operations over a period of 30 or 40 years, he felt that the reverberations would be serious. No
one else had reason to be nearly as concerned as the System itself. If a mistake should be made, everyone would say that it was the Federal Reserve that did it. Therefore, before making a move of this sort, he felt that the possible public relations reaction should be considered fully. Chairman Martin responded that the point was well taken. He simply would like to inject the thought that if a crisis should develop in this field and the Federal Reserve was not alert to it, the repercussions could be equally severe. Mr. Mitchell then inquired about the progress being made in developing draft legislation, to which Mr. Hackley replied that the draft prepared prior to the December 19 meeting had since been re-worked to some extent. It had been discussed with the legal staff of the New York He felt that the Federal Reserve would Bank, and the Bank was satisfied. be prepared to go forward with a request for legislation fairly promptly a course should be decided upon. if such that the question came down to Chairman Martin agreed, adding legislation should or should not be sought. whether Mr. King commented that the reservations expressed by the Treasury as to what might happen if legislation appeared to be based on apprehension to say that he would want to be cooperative with were requested. He went on However, it appeared to him that any Treasury or any Administration. as to what might happen if legislation were sought, because of apprehension take all of the responsibility, and Federal Reserve might be asked to the
he would have a question about cooperating to that extent. It should be recognized, he thought, that all of the opinions that had been expressed came from more or less a common base and might not necessarily be thoroughly objective. He agreed that the thing to do next was to talk with the Chairmen of the Banking and Currency Committees. However, he was inclined to think that the Federal Reserve was being asked to go a little too far in the name of cooperation. As he understood it, the Treasury was suggesting that it might not favor seeking legislation because of apprehension as to the outcome. Chairman Martin responded that he wished to make it clear that no one had asked the Federal Reserve for its cooperation. To date, all of the impetus had come from the Federal Reserve. It had approached the Treasury; the Treasury had not approached the System. When the Treasury was approached, however, it was entitled to raise a question. This question was whether it might not be inadvisable to do anything. In that case, the Treasury might want to use the Stabilization Fund entirely. It should be kept clear, the Chairman continued, that the proposal now before the Committee had been developed within the Board and the New York Bank. It had been discussed over a period of several months. Every effort had been made to give each member of the Open Market Committee an opportunity to express his opinion on the matter, and no final decision of any sort had yet been made. There were certainly questions involved in the proposal. However, he (Chairman Martin) happened to believe that the world
had changed, in fact much more than he understood, and he was convinced that this job was going to have to be done by somebody, whether it be the Stabilization Fund or the Federal Reserve. Mr. Thomas, he noted, had submitted a good memorandum on the rationale for such a program being undertaken by the Federal Reserve, but the point had not been resolved as yet. In any event, however, nobody had asked the Federal Reserve for its cooperation or made any request. In reply to a question by Mr. Mitchell regarding how Under Secretary Roosa had entered into the picture, Mr. Young recalled that last summer he and Mr. Furth prepared a memorandum in which operations in foreign currencies were proposed. It was then suggested that an operational framework for such operations be designed, and additional memoranda, as distributed to the Committee, were prepared for that purpose. It was in connection with that work that at one point he told Mr. Roosa in confidence of the assignment on which he (Mr. Young) was then engaged. After further discussion, Mr. Mills said that he would like to second the proposal that Chairman Martin be authorized to contact the Chairmen of the House and Senate Banking and Currency Committees to acquaint them with the problem and with the approach that the System might be making to operations in foreign currencies, and to obtain their reaction. Chairman Martin added that, if so authorized, he would like to report back to the Open Market Committee at its next meeting and to have a full discussion by the Committee of the whole problem.
The Chairman then inquired whether there were any objections to proceeding in this manner. No objection being indicated, it was understood that he would contact the Chairmen of the Banking and Currency Committees for the purpose indicated and that he would then report back to the Open Market Committee at its next meeting. In this connection, Chairman Martin said it should be made clear that at this point no commitment was being made to anyone. It was agreed that the next meeting of the Open Market Committee would be held on Tuesday, January 23, 1962, and that succeeding meetings would be scheduled for Tuesday, February 13, and Tuesday, March 6, the latter to be the annual organization meeting of the Committee. Mr. Treiber noted that at the December 19 meeting Mr. Thomas had to the effect of adoption of the continuing authority directive referred on certain operating authorities that are customarily reaffirmed each year at the Committee's organization meeting. He said that, if desired, he would be prepared to comment on that subject at this meeting. Chairman Martin suggested, however, that the subject be deferred until another meeting of the Committee, and there was agreement with this suggestion. recessed and reconvened at 2:15 p.m., with the The meeting then attendance as at the beginning of the morning session. same distributed copies of a draft of proposed current There were directive to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York that economic policy
had been prepared by the Secretary, Account Manager, and Economist. The draft read as follows: It is the current policy of the Committee to permit further bank credit and monetary expansion so as to promote fuller utilization of the economy's resources, together with money market conditions consistent with the needs of an expanding domestic economy, taking into account this country's adverse balance of payments as well as the Treasury financing calendar. To implement this policy, operations for the System Open Market Account during the next two weeks shall be conducted with a view to maintaining the generally less easy monetary conditions that have prevailed in recent weeks, and to continuing the rate on three-month Treasury bills within the recent range, without overt action to change unduly the supply of reserves or the level of interest rates. In reply to a question whether the Account Manager felt that he could operate satisfactorily under a directive along the lines drafted, Mr. Rouse stated that he could. that ensued concerning the language of the proposed In a discussion directive, certain changes were suggested. It developed that a majority favored eliminating the final clause, beginning with the words "without overt action," Those supporting the elimination of this language suggested, in essence, that it was unnecessary or redundant in view of the that it might convey unintended implications, and preceding phraseology, Manager if certain actions were deemed necessary that it might inhibit the other portions of the directive. A minority view, favoring to carry out language, was based on the thought that the language had retention of the been included in the directive issued following the December 19 meeting, that its elimination of this particular time might be misunderstood, and
that it pointed up the desire of the Committee that an even keel be maintained during the forthcoming two weeks. There was general agreement with a suggestion that the words "generally less easy" be stricken from the portion of the directive referring to conditions that had prevailed in recent weeks, and that the Desk should seek to maintain during the ensuing two weeks, inasmuch as those words would seem to convey the impression of a more pronounced shift in money market conditions than the Committee had had in mind at the December 19 meeting, and possibly also the impression that same further shift was contemplated during the next two weeks. There was likewise general agreement with a suggestion that the term "money market conditions," as used in the first paragraph of the draft, be changed to "monetary conditions," and that, conversely, the term "monetary conditions," as used in the second paragraph, be changed to "money market conditions." In the course of the comments on the directive, Mr. Mills recalled that at the December 19 meeting he had dissented from the adoption of a procedure whereby the policy directive, in its then-existing form, would be separated into a continuing authority directive and a current policy directive, with the latter to be drafted and acted upon before the adjournment of each meeting. He felt that his grounds for dissent were validated by the difficulty being experienced in issuing a current policy directive, as exemplified by the discussion that had occurred today regarding
the directive issued following the December 19 meeting. However, inasmuch as a majority of the Committee had adopted the procedure, he would comment on the draft directive now before the Committee for consideration. He felt that there was a conflict in terms and tone as between the first and second paragraphs. In the first, reference was made to permitting further bank credit and monetary expansion so as to promote fuller utilization of the economy's resources, whereas the second paragraph indicated that there should be less ease. He would prefer, in the first paragraph, to say that the Committee' s current policy was to "permit further expansion of bank loans, together with money market conditions consistent with the needs of an expanding domestic economy, . . ." Mr. Shepardson indicated that he was inclined to agree with Mr. Mills. Mr. Robertson said that he opposed the pinning of monetary policy to a bill rate, although his objection would not be as strong at a time, like the present, when the Committee was seeking to maintain an even keel. He favored retention of the words admonishing against overt suggested that the word "alter" be substituted for "change action, but unduly." to the changes that had been suggested in the first With reference out that changes from the preceding direcparagraph, Mr. Robertson pointed might seem to indicate an actual shift in policy tive, if made at this time, rather than an intent to maintain an even keel, and other Committee members expressed agreement.
Further comments included discussion of a question raised by Mr. King as to whether the language of the draft directive implied too much power on the part of the Federal Reserve to control the bill rate. Several additional suggestions then were made for amendment of the draft directive with a view to reflecting clearly the current policy of the Committee and the manner of its implementation for the next two weeks. The language set forth hereinafter was then suggested and was read in full by the Secretary, following which the Chairman inquired whether anyone would wish to be recorded as dissenting from the issuance of a directive phrased in such manner, and no indications of dissent were heard. Accordingly, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York was authorized and directed, until otherwise directed by the Committee, to execute transactions for the System Open Market Account in accordance with the following current economic policy directive: It is the current policy of the Committee to permit further bank credit and monetary expansion so as to promote fuller utilization of the economy' s resources, together with monetary conditions consistent with the needs of an expanding domestic economy, taking into account this country's adverse balance of payments as well as the Treasury financing calendar. To implement this policy, operations for the System Open Market Account during the next two weeks shall be conducted with a view to maintaining current money market conditions, without action to alter the level of interest rates. Votes for this action: Messrs. Martin, Balderston, Irons, King, Mills, Mitchell, Robertson, Shepardson, Swan, Wayne, Fulton, and Treiber. Votes against this action: None. The meeting then adjourned. Secretary
Also: Record of Policy Actions