December 17, 1957 FOMC Minutes: Full Text
A meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee was held in the offices of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington on Tuesday, December 17, 1957, at 10:00 a.m. PRESENT: Mr. Martin, Chairman Mr. Hayes, Vice Chairman Mr. Allen Mr. Bryan Mr. Leedy Mr. Mills Mr. Robertson Mr. Shepardson Mr. Szymczak Mr. Williams Messrs. Fulton, Irons, Leach, and Mangels, Alternate Members of the Federal Open Market Committee Messrs. Erickson and Deming, Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of Boston and Minneapolis, respectively Mr. Riefler, Secretary Mr. Thurston, Assistant Secretary Mr. Sherman, Assistant Secretary Mr. Hackley, General Counsel Mr. Solomon, Assistant General Counsel Mr. Thomas, Economist Messrs. Atkinson, Bopp, Marget, Mitchell, Tow, and Young, Associate Economists Mr. Rouse, Manager, System Open Market Account Mr. Carpenter, Secretary, Board of Governors Mr. Miller, Chief, Government Finance Section, Division of Research and Statistics, Board of Governors Mr. Gaines, Manager, Securities Department, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Messrs. Ellis, Hostetler, Daane, Roosa, and Wheeler, Vice Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks of Boston, Cleveland, Richmond, New York and San Francisco, respectively; Mr. Parsons, Director of Reasearch, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis and Mr. Walker, Economic Adviser, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
Chairman Martin stated that the minutes for the meeting of the Committee held on December 3, 1957, were not being presented for approval at this time because the members had not all had an oppor tunity to review the preliminary draft and suggest changes. However, he noted revised pages of the minutes for the meeting held on Novem ber 12, 1957,reflecting the discussion of those minutes at the meeting on December 3 had been distributed. The Chairman inquired whether all members of the Committee had had an opportunity to read these revised pages and whether there was any suggestion for further change. None of the members indicated that they wished to suggest further changes in these minutes. Thereupon, upon motion duly made and seconded, the minutes of the meet ing of the Federal Open Market Committee held on November 12, 1957,were approved. Before this meeting there had been distributed to the members of the Committee a report prepared at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York covering open market operations during the period December 3 through December 11, 1957, and a supplemental report covering commit ments executed December 12 through December 16, 1957. Copies of both reports have been placed in the files of the Federal Open Market Com mittee. Mr. Rouse reported that dealer positions and the funds required to finance those positions had built up to a high figure. About $1.8
billion of Government securities were now held by reporting dealers, exclusive of about $300 million of securities out on special repur chase arrangements. Positions had fluctuated in the neighborhood of a billion dollars prior to the discount rate change, but the Treasury financing in the last half of November added to dealer holdings of bonds, notes, and certificates. Before the dealers were able to work off those positions, a large volume of tax swapping developed involving switches from shorter to longer maturities, and a large part of the short securities brought into the market on this swapping had remained in dealer positions. The bulk of dealers financing had fallen on the New York banks, Mr. Rouse said, with the result that their basic position moved from a surplus a week or so ago to a deficit of about $400 million by Friday, December 13. The December liquidity need that centered on the New York banks and on dealer positions had created a tight situation in the short-term Government securities market, Mr Rouse stated, and Treasury bill rates, which had fallen below the discount rate, had been rising during the past few days. The new bill auctioned yesterday went at an average Dealers were awarded more than $300 rate of almost 3.15 per cent. in addition to the 3/4 of a billion million of the new bills, which was held. Mr. Rouse said it was clear dollars of bills that they already securities market had a distribution problem ahead; that the Government positions would tend to record showed that dealer moreover, the past
build up further over the next two weeks. Mr. Rouse went on to say that reports from the capital market after the change in the discount rate suggested that market supplies of Government, corporate, and municipal securities were quickly cleared up. It seemed likely, however, that these markets were giving an appearance of greater strength than they actually possessed. Some of the buying that had driven interest rates so rapidly lower had represented "one-shot money," and some buying reflected dealer takedowns of new securities for speculative purposes. He thought it interesting to note that, while bank loans on securities other than U. S. Governments had not increased since the discount rate change, neither had they been reduced, and loans on Governments had increased. Turning to the matter of Treasury financing, Mr. Rouse reported that the only firm information he had was that the Treasury adding $100 million to each of the next five planned to continue it also planned to roll over the $570 million weekly bill issues, and through the Federal Reserve Banks in of maturing Fanny May notes January. Mr. Allen asked for of Mr. Rouse's report, At the conclusion would roll over the remark that the Treasury an explanation of the Mr. Rouse replied that Federal Reserve Banks. notes through the FNMA the offering and dis notes and that are mortgage liquidation these the Reserve Banks. is handled through of these securities tribution
Mr. Erickson suggested that nonbank investment demand for short term Governments ordinarily built up after the year end so that the present large dealer positions might be worked down then, to which Mr. Rouse replied that this was the typical seasonal pattern. Thereupon, upon motion duly made and seconded, and by unanimous vote, the open market transactions during the period December 3 through Decem ber 16, 1957, were approved, ratified, and confirmed. At Chairman Martin's request, Mr. Young summarized in the statement presented below the current economic situation, which had been more fully reviewed in a staff memorandum dated December 13, 1957, on Recent Economic and Financial Developments in the United States and abroad. A copy of the staff memoranduim which had been distributed before this meeting, has been placed in the Committee files. In recent reports to the Committee, I have used the words "down-settling" to characterize the drift in over all activity. In the light of recent information, general economic recession now appears to be the most appropriate description. Industrial production for October has been placed one index point lower than earlier reported, namely, at 141 instead of 142, and for November the preliminary estimate is 139, or down three index points in a month and five index points from the September level of 144. Declines in October were fairly widespread, including durable nondurable, and mineral sectors, and preliminary informa tion suggests that a pattern of fairly widespread decline was repeated in November. In durable goods output, November auto assemblies were a strong factor on the up enough to offset the minuses. A side, but not strong is resulting in some resistant sales market in November what reduced assembly schedules for December.
A second bit of news justifying a characterisation of general recession is that relating to business plant and equipment expenditures. The latest Commerce-SEC survey projects a spending rate for the first quarter of 1958 five per cent under the current quarterly rate. This either means that the decline in such spending, projected by the McGraw-Hill survey, is coming faster than earlier antici pated, or that the downward adjustment in plant and equip ment is destined to be greater than the McGraw-Hill survey implied. Inventory developments in October constitute a third item of evidence pointing to general economic recession. Liquidation in total business inventories in October was at $4.5 billion annual rate, almost entirely concentrated in durable goods lines. Business sales in October fell off faster than inventory liquidation so that the over-all stock sales ratio rose, reaching the highest level since the spring of 1954. Stock ratios have become particularly high in durable goods lines at manufacturing levels. Judging from data that ordinarily correlate closely with changes in busi ness inventory holdings, November also was a month of over all inventory liquidation. Reports from the labor market also point to general recession. Reductions in employment from mid-October to mid November were widespread and sizable in nonmanufacturing as well as manufacturing, and unemployment rose to 3.2 millionabout half a million higher than a year earlier. On a seasonally adjusted basis, uemployment reached approximately 5 per cent of the civilian labor force, or the highest rate since late 1954. Since mid-November, initial unemployment compensation claims filed have continued to run well ahead of a year ago. The length of the work week in manufacturing dipped further in November and at 39.2 hours was a full hour less than a year ago; reductions occurred in both durable and nondurable lines. Reflecting easing employment conditions, personal income was off again in November for the third successive month. From the seasonally adjusted annual rate of $347 billion in August, rate was down about $3 billion. Reduced personal the November of some influence in retail trade, which income was apparently fell one per cent each in both October and November, with durable goods lines. Declining per declines concentrated in by some to be a factor in Decem sonal income is also thought bad shopping weather and transit ber retail markets, although areas are also obvious in some major metropolitan strikes
factors in disappointing sales for this season of the year. The declines in output, employment, and activity evi dent in recently reported data imply a fourth quarter reduc tion in over-all performance of the economy, as measured by GNP. Preliminary estimates for the fourth quarter now place GNP as down 1 per cent or $4 to $5 billion, annual rate, from the third quarter--the first decline in three years. Wholesale price changes have been fewer and smaller in recent months than earlier, so that the average of wholesale prices has been showing little change. There are two schools of thought on this development. One is that wholesale com modity demands over-all, though contracting some, continue strong enough to support current wholesale price levels, particularly with the appreciable downward adjustments that have already occurred in primary materials prices. The other school questions the sensitivity of existing price indexes, particularly for the area of finished goods, and wonders whether pressures of competitors to sell are not resulting in under-the-counter concessions and discounts, not yet registered in price quotations recorded for price index making. In any case, the price situation is not clear, as has been the case at other points of turn in business condl tions, and close scanning of market price developments will be called for in the period ahead. In markets for consumer goods, prices of meats have been rising again, and there have also been price advances for new autos, some appliances, and apparels These advances, together with further price rises for services and rents, probably spell some further modest rise in the consumer price index for November, and possibly for December too, following a pause in October. Abroad, contractive developments in economic activity appear fairly clear in Canada, but in industrial countries of Western Europe the indications of recently available data are mixed. Aggregate industrial production in this area declined slightly from the second to the third quarters and apparently further in October. Recent international trade data seem to show more indications of decline than expansion. But mone tary policies in important countries of Western Europe con tinue on the relatively restrictive side, suggesting that inflationary dangers and balance of payments disequilibria are still given heavy weight in the highest councils of financial policy. In other areas of the Free World, problems but the significant facts all point to a much are diverse, slower pace of advance in physical activity than earlier, an
with reduced levels of raw material prices, some reduction in the current value of the national trade for various countries supplying such materials. While contractive tendencies have recently been domi nant in this country and in Canada, with leveling out tendencies abroad, it is important to remember that levels of activity generally are still high. Whether recession domestically will be moderate and short-lived, and inter nationally limited or relatively confined, cannot be fore told at this stage. The major problem of this cyclical topping and recession seems to be digestion of new capacity to produce rather than of absorbing too optimistic inven tory accumulations. This may make considerable difference in the nature and duration of this cyclical adjustment. However, underlying forces of economic growth and techno logical advance still appear to be very strong, and these forces can be counted on to moderate the adjustment process. There was a brief discussion of Mr. Young's comments, particu larly of gross national product and of the relationship between inven tories and gross industrial production, after which Chairman Martin called upon Mr. Thomas, who then sumarized recent financial develop ments, which also had been reviewed in the staff memorandum of Decem ber 13. During his comments, Mr. Thomas referred to an additional the Outlook for Treasury Cash Requirements and Bank memorandum on Reserves which had been sent to members of the Committee under date of December 13. Financial markets in the past two weeks have continued forces of the more or less to adjust to the conflicting impacts of the discount rate reduction and the psychological outlook on the one hand and the realities changed economic market situation on the other. of the current money the past month has in interest rates in The decline on record. Yields of some bonds probably been the sharpest in this brief period as in several have declined as much past week however, the bond months in 1953. Within the level out, and some yields have risen. market has tended to
Bill yields, after dropping to below the discount rate, have firmed and are now closer to 3-1/8 per cent. The stock mar ket has been generally weak. Among the current realities that have helped to check the decline in interest rates are (1) the continued fairly substantial volume of new issues of securities; (2) the usual mid-December liquidity demands, which result in offerings of Treasury bills and increases in bank loans; (3) distribution of the latest new Treasury issues; (b) the $100 million in crease in the weekly Treasury bill offering; and (5) the exceptionally large positions of dealers in Government securi ties. Holdings by dealers, which were already heavy, have been increased to such high levels that dealers are now hesi tant about buying more offerings and are having difficulty in financing their positions. These are all temporary factors that have little signifi cance with respect to broader trends but which exert immediate pressures on the market. While some slowing down in the pre cipitate rate of decline in interest rates may be desirable these temporary forces need not be permitted to create road blocks to prompt adjustment of markets to the broader factors. If a serious downturn in economic activity is to be avoided, funds should be freely available for potential borrowers who would put them to use. Review of estimates of Treasury needs indicates the like lihood of somewhat larger borrowing demands from that source during the next few weeks than had been anticipated. An addi tional $100 million each of the next six weekly bill issues will probably not be adequate to meet cash needs of the Treasury, and as much as $1 billion more may have to be borrowed in February. Our latest estimates, revised in light of the current business downturn and trend of expenditures indicate an excess of cash expenditures over receipts of about $1 billion for the current fiscal year, compared with a cash surplus of $3 billion shown in the official budget last October. The calendar year estimates are review of deficit of $1 billion in 1958, after a $2 billion also for a surplus in 1957, and $5.5 billion surplus in 1956. This shift from surplus to deficit results principally Prospective receipts show from increased expenditures. moderate increases over past results, although they fall These results and prospects short of previous forecasts. is shifting from an how much the Treasury position show to a stimulating or at least anti-inflationary posture for the economy. They present problems, sustaining one
however, for the Treasury with respect to the debt limit and the timing of borrowing operations. The Treasury also faces the problem of longer-run significance of taking ad vantage of the strong bond market to extend maturities of the debt, This is particularly important in view of pro spective and perhaps growing deficits. Banking figures for the past two weeks show a shift from contraction to expansion. This shift reflects in part bank subscriptions for the new Treasury issues in the week of December 4 and in part seasonal loan demands to meet December liquidity requirements by businesses, both financial and nonfinancial. Using partial data for December 11, it ap pears that total loans and investments of banks in leading cities, excluding interbank loans, increased by about $1-1/4 billion in the past two weeks compared with only about $300 million in the same two weeks last year. Commercial and industrial loans at these banks increased by nearly $300 million in the latest two weeks, compared with a little over $400 million in the same weeks last year. Bank loans to dealers in securities increased by nearly $300 mil lion this year, against a rise of only $70 million in the same year. This difference reflects not only the Treas period last ury financing this year but the exceptionally large positions needs of dealers in Government securities. Re and borrowing porting banks' holdings of Government securities increased by those of other securities by over $100 mil $600 million and decreases aggregating $270 million in the lion compared with same period last year. adjusted at reporting banks have shown a Demand deposits seasonal increase in the past two weeks, but by a much smaller than last year. The additional bank loans and invest amount have gone in part to maintain Treasury deposits, which ments reduced at this time last year. In Novem were being sharply ber demand deposits adjusted showed less than the usual only partly offset by a more than seasonal seasonal increase, increase in currency in circulation. The total money supply is about one per cent less than a year ago. significant development in November was A particularly adjusted annual rate of turnover a decline in the seasonally outside New York. The rate of of demand deposits at banks to about the same level as a year turnover has now declined be said that increased turnover ago. Thus it can no longer or lack of growth in the offset the effect of a decrease has supply of money. late November and early December System operations in at the Reserve Banks in Treasury balances and a reduction
have supplied a substantial volume of reserves to meet seasonal needs. Net borrowed reserves have generally averaged close to or below the $200 million level, In the course of the past week, however, there has been considerable demand for reserves, due in part to a sharp increase in required reserves resulting from credit ex pansion, as well as to the usual currency needs. The tone of the money markets has shifted from ease to tight ness. Although the expected large seasonal increase in float may supply a substantial amount of reserves this week and next, some additional aid in financing dealer positions and supplying reserves to cover liquidity needs seems to be appropriate. Larger amounts will be needed in the week after Christmas, as float declines. Most of these funds might be supplied through repurchase con tracts. In January, reserves will be abundantly available from the seasonal return flow of currency and reduction in required reserves. The System account might be re duced by as much as $600 million plus any amounts added in the next three weeks. If net borrowed reserves are kept close to the zero level, additional purchases of about $500 million may be needed this month and sales of $1 billion or more would be appropriate in January. Chairman Martin said that it was obvious that we had had an interesting month since November 17. This morning the usual go-around would start with Mr. Hayes and would be followed with statements by Mr. Erickson and others. The Chairman noted that this probably would be the last meeting to be held during 1957, and he suggested that it would be appropriate to take a look at clause (b) of the first para to the Federal Reserve Bank of graph of the Committee's directive unsatisfactory the language of the directive New York. However the Committee reported its it was the medium by which might be, Congress. The Chairman said that he had given policy actions to the of clause (b) and had discussed to the present wording consideration
it with Mr. Riefler, who had suggested that the clause might appro priately be changed to provide for transactions with a view "to cushioning adjustments and promoting recovery in the economy by maintaining an ample volume of bank reserves." The Chairman went on to say that he had no brief for any particular wording and that the wording Mr. Riefler had suggested might not be in order, but it was his view that the directive should receive attention in the comments to be made by the individual members of the Committee. He then called upon Mr. Hayes. Mr. Hayes expressed his views on the economic and credit situa tion as follow New economic data available since our last meeting tend to confirm the developing recession, which now extends over a fairly broad range of industries, although it is still very moderate in intensity. The decline in industrial pro duction during the past two months now appears to have been greater than was indicated previously. Stoel output has slipped further, and automobile production, which reached a high level in November, is scheduled for some reduction this month and may have to be cut further if an excessive accumula tion of inventories is to be avoided. The figures in the November Commerce-SEC survey of plant and equipment expendi tures suggest a more pronounced over-all decline in 1958 than the 7 per cent drop indicated earlier by the McGraw Hill Survey. Unemployment now exceeds 5 per cent of the labor force, while average weekly hours worked in manu dipped sharply again in November and may decline facturing further in December. declined in October for the first Business inventories and although this was due largely to a time in three years, reduction in new car stocks prior to introduction temporary inventories also showed a of the new models, manufacturers' this decline, the ratio of small reduction. Even after inventories to sales reached a new high since manufacturers' early 1954.
Revised retail sales data for October are a little better than had been suggested by the preliminary report given at our last meeting. Department store sales showed moderate improvement in November, but automobile sales were disappointing. It may be some time before a clear appraisal of the volume of Christmas buying becomes pos sible, but the general atmosphere at the moment is not especially encouraging. Data for all member banks for the three weeks ending December 4 confirm the pronounced lag in business loans which has characterized the second half of 1957. Much of this lag is attributable to smaller borrowings by sales finance companies, but a number of other industry groups have shown smaller borrowings or greater repayments than a year ago. In contrast with bank loans, bank investments rose much more in the last three weeks than a year ago, mainly because of sizable purchases of the new Treasury issues. Since the last meeting we have made some informal checkings with the large New York banks on the causes of reduced loan volume and have found that it is attributed largely to lessened inventory pressures and some actual inventory liquidation, as well as to some shift of demands to the capital markets. A lesser factor may be the tightening of loan standards initiated some months ago, which in many cases has gained momentum just as demands were tending to drop off. Most loan officers feel that business loan demand continues to slacken, although no in any spectacular degree, and the banks still feel "tight" in view of their high loan-deposit ratios. The latest weekly loan figures for New York banks show a considerably greater gain both in business loans and in security loans than a year ago, but this may represent only a repetition of the experience in previous tax periods this year. Already the recession, such as it in, has forced a con siderable revision of our estimates of Treasury revenues, so that we now expect only a very small cash surplus, if any, for fiscal 1958, It appears that $1 to $2 billion of cash will probably have to be raised early in February, or per late January.and above the amount to be haps even in realized in the next few weeks from the $100 million in crease in the weekly bill issue. We would think it highly desirable that the debt ceiling be increased in January to leave enough leeway for this cash financing. interest rates which were The sharp declines in market result of the discount rate cut and which the most dramatic last meeting, have carried a were commented upon at the
good deal further in the past two weeks. New issue rates on high grade utility bonds are about 5/8 to 3/ of a per centage point below the level of September and October, while market yields on Treasury bonds are down as much as one full percentage point from the peak of late October. This rapid readjustment of rates has been based in large part on psychological reaction to the shift in System policy rather than upon the actual steps the System has taken to release reserves. It has, of course, been aided by a temporary lull in new security issues and the con tinued lag in bank loans. Banks have been led to lengthen maturities, and institutional investors have mobilized available funds to buy longer-term corporate and Treasury securities. With borrowers able to sell new capital issues easily and at lower interest rates, the availability of credit has been improved in a very real sense. These effects of the discount rate cut, taken together with the moderate lessening of pressures on bank reserves, suggest that the Committee has achieved the objective sought at the last two meetings, i.e., an effective change in policy toward less severe credit restraint. With respect to long term interest rates, the results have exceeded our anticipa tions, and the rapidity of the rate decline may have made the market vulnerable to unfavorable news or disappointed expectations. To some extent investment demand has been borrowed from the future, and with a heavy calendar of new corporate and public financing still in view, the flow of savings may well prove insufficient to support the present rate structure. In that event, there might be disturbing repercussions in the money and capital markets which might at some stage, further System action to encourage require, bank investment and lending. be on our guard to prevent a turn toward We should tightening over the year-end period. Certainly the steadily business situation provides justification for our worsening credit atmosphere than we might countenancing an easier have sought a month or so ago. creating the impression I think we should try to avoid rapidly to a policy of "active that the System is moving ease," but at the same time we should avoid creating the nothing "real" to ease credit. impression that we are doing of net borrowed reserves be I would urge that the level perhaps approach the somewhat lower and allowed to drift of course that we give zero level in January, provided and the tone rate developments also to interest attention are anywher near If current projections of the market.
accurate, only moderate outright purchasing may be required in the next three weeks, repurchase agree ments being used to cope with most of the projected bulge in net borrowed reserves for the week ending January 1. As for the directive, this is our last opportu nity to change the wording and have the change in eluded in the published record for 1957. I would feel better if that record reflected a more frank recognition that we have encountered a recession and that our policies are being molded accordingly. I would therefore suggest that clause (b) be re written as follows: "to mitigating recessionary tendencies in the economy." Mr. Erickson said that most of the statistics for the First District continued to move downward. He also reported that at the meeting of directors of the Boston Bank yesterday, two of the directors who are machine tool builders and who have been pessimistic for several weeks were much more pessimistic, and their pessimism influenced their views on the national situa tion. Manufacturing employment in the Boston District during was 4 per cent below October a year ago, New England October indexes of industrial production showed decreases during October, store sales recently had been disappointing. Auto and department in September and October were ahead of last mobile registrations that sales slumped badly in November. year, but dealers report was construction which, in only hopeful thing in the picture The this year and of October last year, October, was ahead of Septembe public works and nonresidential of increases in mostly because compared with last of this year as For ten months construction.
residential construction was 3 per cent ahead, due primarily to multiple-unit housing. As to policy, Mr. Erickson would make no change in the discount rates at this time but he felt some change in the wording of the Committee's directive would be desirable. His preference would be for wording such as Mr. Riefler had suggested. In the open market, we were coming to the usual year-end developments, and he would be inclined to leave operations pretty much to the judgment of the Manager of the System Account. If this meant net borrowed reserves around zero, that would be all right with him. Mr. Erickson said that when Governor Balderston was in Boston last week he attended a meeting at which there was a review of discount operations. It was Mr. Erickson's view that even though the System's posture had changed, it should continue to watch the window for continuous borrowing, and Governor Balderston discount had suggested that at this meeting there be a discussion concerning use of the discount window. in the Dallas District had Mr. Irons said that conditions conditions were not as favorable shown some tapering. Agricultural ago because weather conditions had delayed as a month or six weeks on a spot check made yesterday, Mr. getting crops in. Reporting construction was continuing to move upward slightly Irons said that building industry was favorable outlook among those in the and the was expected to increase slightly although cautious. Construction
rather than sharply, but builders anticipated a small boom in residential activity, particularly in houses in the $8,000-$l4,000 bracket. There also were reports of improvement in the availability of mortgage money. Employment recently had declined slightly whereas normally a seasonal gain was expected at this time of year. Depart ment stores estimated that holiday business might about equal last year's. Total bank loans dropped off in the three weeks ending December 11, Mr. Irons reported, reflecting a decline in commercial and industrial loans. Banks report demand for credit, particularly for consumer credit, continues strong. Both banks and department stores have indicated that collections continue good. Conditions in the petroleum industry might be a little better than indicated by some of his recent reports, Mr. Irons said, because of cold weather that had cut into fuel oil stocks and because of cutbacks in production. On the whole, the situation in the Dallas District was tending in the same directior as in the country as a whole, although probably not to the same extent. He found no pessimism but a recognition that adjustment were taking place at a very high but neither was a was expecting a large upsurge, level. No one material decline expected. background there was a feeling bankers that deterioration in the Treasury among businessmen and a deficit might have a sustain moving from a surplus into position ing effect.
Mr. Irons said he had been pleased with the handling of the System Account during the past two difficult weeks. He had hoped it would be possible to come close to a rate structure appro priate to a 3 per cent discount rate, and this had been done with bill rates fluctuating around 3 per cent. The market had not been unduly tight but neither had it been excessively easy; there had been about as much restraint as could be expected under a 3 per cent rate structure. Mr. Irons would hope that in the next three weeks the account could operate similarly. He did not think that industrial production would be gotten up by pumping in the money. He still thought the prices of Government securities might in the future pose some problems that would not have been present if prices had not risen as sharply as in the past few weeks. He hoped the System would continue to provide reserves that would be reflected by rate conditions and structure around the 3 per cent discount rate. He would give considerable leeway to the Manager of the System Account and would expect him to operate by feel almost on a day-to-day basis, However, excessive ease should be avoided because that would come if a too easy situation were created. back to plague us he did not like the directive that the Com Mr. Irons said It seemed to him that it forced continued cumulative mittee had. He would prefer to leave out any reference to moderating action. or to assuring adequate reserves and pressures on bank reserves
would change clause (b) of paragraph 1 more along the lines Mr. Hayes had suggested so as to call for operations with a view "to maintaining conditions in the money market that would tend to mitigate recessionary tendencies." Mr. Mangels said that the Twelfth District picture con tinued mixed with further moderate declines in production. Depart ment store sales were somewhat disappointing. Automobile sales had been holding up pretty well but dealers report considerable price cutting with substantial effect on profit margins on both 1957 and 1958 models. Preliminary information on employment in California and Washington suggested no change in November from October but insured unemployment was up 80 per cent from November 1956. Agri culture was in pretty good shape with large wheat and apple crops but with prices down. The California and Arizona cotton crops were with yields of 1,000 to 1,100 pounds to the acre or about very good national average. Construction figures were holding 2-1/2 times the during the past two weeks had Twelfth District bank loans up well. 28 reporting member banks showed slightly and an analysis of declined this year were below a 12 of these on December 4 of that loans of One large San Francisco bank had year ago, while 16 were higher. particularly for business that demand for loans, expressed the view it had been, and payoffs were being loans, was somewhat less than San Francisco banks of January. Other in December instead made expect no more than loans and demand for business report continuing
a seasonal decline after the year-end. Demand deposits had de clined recently contrary to the national picture, but savings deposits had increased three times as much as in 1956. Borrowings by member banks from the Reserve Bank were nominal. Mr. Mangels thought the next few months probably would con tinue to show the business situation deteriorating, but the worst might be over so far as expectations were concerned. Adjustments were occurring and, while there was full recognition of the present situation, he sensed some degree of optimism so far as the picture for 1958 was concerned. His thinking would be that open market operations should aim for around $100 million of negative free re serves, certainly not over $200 million, during the next few weeks. He had in mind changing clause (b) of paragraph (1) of the Com mittee's directive to call for operations with a view "to regulating bank reserves so as to foster sustainable growth in the supply of the economy without inflation." However, for the record he thought Mr. Hayes was preferable to the one he had had in the suggestion by mind. Mr. Deming said that national statistics pointed to a down in the Ninth District. Certainly turn still reflected imperfectly more pronounced at the national than the slope of the decline was nonfarm employment in the district the district level. November at than seasonal. Manu October, somewhat greater was down 18,000 from facturing employment was off 6,000, mostly contraseasonal, with
declines in most categories. On the other hand, construction employment had dropped by less than the usual amount. Mr. Deming recalled that he had mentioned before that the Ninth District seasonal high in unemployment usually comes in late January or February. This coming winter, it is now expected to occur a little earlier, to be higher, and to last longer. Bank debits in November were 2 per cent less than a year earlier, Mr. Deming said, and department store sales were off 5 per cent. In the week of December 7, however, department store sales were even with the comparable week of 1956 for the first time since late October. New passenger automobile registrations in the Twin Cities in November were 11 per cent higher than last year and were running about 3 per cent ahead of last year in the first ten days of December. Banking figures show continuation of the recent trend with smaller than usual deposit gains or higher than usual losses, Mr. Deming said. Loans also had declined in the Ninth District. Mr. Deming said that he had looked further into the question of demand for commercial bank loans since the December 3 meeting and that the reduced loans reflected a diminished demand more than commercial bank policy. However, the banks were not unhappy with these develop ments. The easier credit picture was being reflected in easier mortgage credit with one Twin City bank now actively interested in
FHA loans. Local insurance companies seemed to be fairly well loaned up and Mr. Deming anticipated it would be well into 1958 before this situation changed, but large outside companies had begun to be more active in this field. The brightest part of the picture in the Ninth District continued to be agriculture, Mr. Deming said, with the condition of livestock, the cattle feed situation, and the winter range situation all good. Most corn and soybeans were now out of the fields and there would be little loss from standing in fields over the winter. There was considerable wet corn which reduced its storage value and its price, and the late ness of the crop had slowed up cash income flow. Mr. Deming cited one other bright spot, noting that iron ore shipments this year were 7 million tons larger than last. One of the large mining farms was scheduling more developmental work this year than it did last year, pointing to another good year in 1958. he agreed it would be well to change Mr, Deming said that directive but would lean toward that the wording of the Committee's the other suggestions. He Mr. Hayes, more than any of suggested by but believed the for net borrowed reserves had no special target aimed at during the past three weeks, level should tend down from that the Account the determination to the Manager of and he would leave of the precise level. trade in the Seventh District Mr. Allen said that retail country as a whole. November than in the poorer showing in made a
For the week ending December 7, however, district stores were off 3 per cent, compared with 5 per cent for the nation. Automobile production schedules for December were reduced from 620,000 to 580,000. It was too early to talk about total production for 1958, Mr. Allen said, but a leading figure in the industry had expressed himself privately last week to the effect that sales for the year 1958 would not exceed 5.5 million cars. Despite poor sales cur rently, production was continuing at a good pace and the industry would not be surprised to show finished car inventories close to 800,000 units by January 1, and the feeling in Detroit was that this figure might rise to a million early in 1958. The reason for this expectation was usually expressed as fear of the labor negotia tions which would take place in the spring and the possibilities of serious strikes at that time or before. Mr. Allen reported on a meeting of business economists held Bank on December 11. The steel people then expected at the Chicago 109 million tons, 52 million in the first production in 1958 to total in the second half. This would com half of the year and 57 million with an estimated total of 113 million tons in 1957. Appliance, pare to be in good shape with and TV people reported inventories radio, slashing. Telephone company of panic selling or price no evidence were expected to be about the same in 1958 as in 1957, expenditures Food sales were holding up well both in Illinois and in the nation.
and food chains expected to add more stores in 1958 than in 1957. Agricultural machinery sales were expected to be as good in 1958 as in 1957 or slightly better. Housing expected a 10 per cent in crease nationally in new starts. Mr. Allen reported that the easier money conditions had shown up in reduced borrowings by Seventh District money market banks, but other district banks had shown increased borrowings with evidence that loan growth was continuing at the smaller banks. A survey of loans in the Seventh District in October brought out the disturbing factor that during July-October, more than 20 per cent of instalment loans on new automobiles had maturities of more than 30 months. In the same period of 1956, only six per cent of auto mobile sales were on contracts with maturities of more than 30 months. Mr. Allen said that he would lean to a great deal that Mr. Irons had said about monetary policy. He would not like to see any the next three weeks. Mr. Young had pointed out notable easing in tendencies, business was still at a that despite the recessionary Allen thought he would not feel comfortable very high level. Mr. some reflection of adjustments in the retail until there had been better, and until then sooner this came, the price situation. The easier than those of the last few he would not favor conditions Mr. Allen said the Committee's directive, With respect to weeks.
he was inclined to Mr. Hayes' suggestion. He would like to get back to a more general statement of policy rather than to try to be so specific in the directive. Mr. Leedy said that the Tenth District level of employment was higher than a year ago, but there had been a recent reduction in employment both in manufacturing and in nonmanufacturing. Retail sales for the year to date were about the same as in 1956, but since October sales had been running behind last year. The one bright spot in the Tenth District was in agriculture, Mr. Leedy said. The weather recently had been favorable for harvesting the balance of the corn and Milo maize crops. It did not appear that earlier expecta tions of sizable losses of corn and maize because of wet weather would develop. The winter wheat crop was in excellent condition and making fine pasture. Prices of important agricultural products of the Tenth District were encouraging. Banking statistics for the Tenth District continued contrary to the national picture. Loans had grown more since mid-1957 than in the previous year, particularly industrial and commercial loans. at country banks because of loans had been increased sharply Cattle favorable pastures and abundant feed. Mr. Leedy turned to the availability of credit at the discount window, stating that in the Tenth District he would not wish to give was not open at this time. that the discount window any indication
Some bankers were more or less chronic borrowers, and efforts to correct that tendency might be intensified after the year end, but as a general proposition he did not think it appropriate to now apply general restraints to the use of the discount window. As to credit policy, Mr. Leedy said that the survey this morning confirmed that the country was in a recession. For the next three weeks he thought net borrowed reserves should trend downward with a benchmark of zero. After the first of the year, the Committee would be confronted with a softening of reserves, but Mr. Leedy did not wish any tightness to exist in the money market during the next few weeks. The Management of the Account should watch care fully the performance of the market and, to the extent that it could do so without setting off another round of increases in prices of Government securities, it should trend downward in net borrowed reserves. Mr. Leedy said that he felt that the wording of the directive should be changed and he would go along with general wording rather than trying to pinpoint the actions to be the first half of Mr. Riefler's statement or the taken. Either proposal Mr. Hayes had made would be suitable. the past two weeks left no Leach said that reports of Mr. Fifth District economy, like that doubt that the downturn in the and continuing, although it was still in the nation, was widespread At the Richmond Bank's Directors' meeting last week, moderate.
directors representing key industries in the district were all gloomy as to the short-term outlook. With respect to the discount window, Mr. Leach said he thought both the law and the Board's regulation had established principles as to appropriate and inappropriate uses of this facility. These principles should not vary from month to month, and member banks must operate within those limitations, making such adjustments as become necessary. The System had several policy tools, Mr. Leach said, but the discount window was not one of these. Present economic conditions make appropriate further modera tion of reserve pressures, Mr. Leach said. This moderation should be gradual and the System should carefully avoid the creation of sloppy markets. More aggressive action than in recent weeks might well have caused an even more precipitate run-up in Government securities prices than had taken place. Mr. Leach said he believed the System was now in a position to bring about reserve availability more nearly in line with economic conditions and the discount rate action. Conse quently, it would seem appropriate by the end of the next three weeks to attain conditions consistent with zero net borrowed reserves. However, in view of the uncertainty in the market consequent to the rapid run-up in prices and year-end strains, he thought that more than the customary emphasis should be placed on the feel of the Mr. Leach thought this a good time market. As to the directive,
to change the wording. Either the proposal by Mr. Riefler or that by Mr. Hayes would be appropriate, although Mr. Leach leaned toward "mitigating recession" rather than "promoting recovery" at this time. Mr. Mills said that the policy recommendations made by Mr. Hayes fitted rather closely his own policy reasoning. That would mean that reserves through the year-end would be supplied as freely as necessary comfortably to carry the money market and the banks over the year-end hurdle. After the end of the year, there was some question in his mind whether the Committee should have a con scious purpose in bringing negative free reserves down to the zero level. It could be preferable to take advantage as far as possible of the natural factors in the market that would tend to bring about that end and purpose. Mr. Mills said he, too, had reservations about any magic residing in monetary policy as far as supplying reserves in quantity is, as to their efficacy in turning around the vas concerned; that shifting economic situation. His feeling would be that adversely in too great abundance would merely work toward to free reserves market prices of U. S. Government securities and falling rising of stampeding commercial banks yields and would have the effect their maturities which in turn would into a movement to extend down side at the same the yield results on the further aggravate of commercial banks to impair the liquidity time that it tended
at a time when their liquidity in the longer run might best be improved. That being the case, he would feel quite strongly that the Management of the Open Market Account should have complete discretion in regulating the supply of reserves and should be governed to a considerable degree by the feel of the market. Mr. Mills doubted very much that banks would be inclined to expand their loans substantially at the present time or that they were apt to find the sort of demand, commencing with the new year, that would invite them to expand their loans materially. Mr. Mills said he shared the opinion regarding the operation of the discount window that had been expressed by Mr. Leach and others and believed that the Board's Regulation A allowed ample latitude to meet individual situations of member banks. He believed the dis count window was not intended to be the primary agency for providing reserves and, as a device having only a secondary place in the re serve orbit, the general reserve treatment applied to member banks through open market operations or by timely adjustments should be in reserve requirements. Mr. Robertson said that again he found himself pretty much and Allen. It seemed to him that in agreement with Messrs. Irons been well set forth in the economy had and minus factors the plus that the minuses had it At the moment, he thought by Mr. Young. most dramatically shown by the declines in the and this was perhaps
index of industrial production and in Gross National Product, and by the increase in unemployment. However, Mr. Robertson thought there was great danger in overlooking the plus factors. We have to remember that we are still on a very high plane, he said. Whole sale prices still are very high, higher than a year ago, and show no signs of declining. Consumer prices are not only not declining but are showing positive signs of advancing. Consumer borrowing is not being reduced and is still increasing at the rate of increase pre vailing over the past year. Demand for long-term funds is still high. Demand for houses continues strong--3 per cent above a year ago. Inventories are still high, though being reduced somewhat, In sum, Mr. Robertson was not impressed with the severity of the it was necessary to add to these thus far, and he felt that declines deficit financing by the Govern plus signs the prospect of and other ment. this led him to believe that Mr. Robertson said that all of a high level into an adjustment at might be magnifying the Committee flood the market with would be unwise to recession. It a drastic a firm hold on necessary to have and it was still he said, reserves, up a little should which is now backing case this team the reins in maintain a tight not mean we should This did lurch forward. suddenly one. Mr. adopt an easy it mean we should but neither did position, upsurge of start the situation could that an easy Robertson thought than in position are in a different again. We all over inflation
the 30's, when "easy money" had little effect, he said, because the growth factors are much stronger than they were then, He thought the influence of easy money could be very effective today, as contrasted with the 30's, and that now we could "push on a string." Mr. Robertson also said that he thought that a lower volume of activity, such as we now have, called for a lower volume and velocity of money. His view would be to hold an even hand on credit policy and to be ready to move either way. This period more than many made it necessary to watch the situation very carefully because the Committee might have to move very fast. If activity were to go down, he would not object at all to easing, but he thought the Manager of the System Account was in better position than the Committee member to determine day-to-day needs, keeping in mind that the position he (Mr. Robertson) would like to see was an even keel as of the moment. Mr. Robertson also said he thought the Manager of the Account had done a good job of handling the account over the past two weeks. He would like to have no obvious change unless there was a change in conditions. Mr. Robertson said he too thought the directive of the Com mittee should be changed. He leaned definitely toward Mr. Hayes' suggestion but would not be averse to a combination of that with Mr. Riefler's suggestion so as to have clause (b) of paragraph 1 with a view to "cushioning adjustments and to call for operations
mitigating recessionary tendencies in the economy. With respect to the discount window, Mr. Robertson said he agreed almost completely with the comments by Mr. Leach. Mr. Shepardson said his story had been told three times this morning. He agreed completely with Messrs. Irons, Allen, and Robertson. There had been some downward trends but he thought the emphasis should be on the fact that we were still at a high level. We have been striving for some time for adjustments. We are in the process of getting some adjustments. Mr. Shepardson said he would go along with what had been said about maintaining restraint. He presumed of course that the System was going to provide needed reserves, but he felt it should keep a taut rein without a straining rein. So far as the Committee's directive was concerned, he leaned toward having clause (b) short and for not getting into shades of emphasis. He would take the first part of Mr. Riefler's suggestion under which clause (b) would be changed to call for operations that would "cushion adjustments in the economy." that for some time he had been on the Mr. Fulton commented side of the group. He noted that the steel, machine tool, hard money which were of large importance in the and other basic industries within the past few had shown rapid deterioration Cleveland District this slowdown had become he said, how weeks. It was surprising, in the Cleveland District There was more pessimism cumulative.
than had been reported for any other district so far this morning. There had been a prevalence of cutbacks in new orders and also in delivery schedules, which were being stretched out as needs of industry were being revamped. Steel mills of the district were all operating below 70 per cent of rated capacity. Coal production was down from a year ago. There were 13 areas in the district classed as "moderate" labor surplus areas, meaning that from 3 to 6 per cent of the labor supply was unemployed, and there were areas classed as "substantial" labor surplus areas, meaning that more than 6 per cent of the labor supply was unemployed. Department store trade had been running below a year ago as had bank debits. Perhaps this was a classic recession brought on by an excessive capital goods boom and increased capacity which could not now be used, Mr. Fulton said. Many manufacturers believed that this down turn probably would be more severe and longer in duration than the the guessing was that In the auto industry, 1953-1954 recession. passenger cars would be manufactured this not more than 5.2 million would be curtailment of production In the next quarter there year. unwieldy inventories for field so as to avoid too in the automotive as a result of in had been declining largely dealers. Bank loans past week there had been a jump ventory liquidation, but in the presumably because of tax borrowing. be moving toward Committee should said he felt the Mr. Fulton constantly. This or rapidly, but reserves, not dramatically zero free
would give relief that he felt was needed. The Cleveland Bark had been administering the discount window in accordance with the Board's regulation, Mr. Fulton said, and he felt this should not be a source of reserves except, as the regulation indicated, for an adjustment of the immediate needs of banks. He would like to see the Committee's directive changed and leaned strongly toward the wording suggested by Mr. Hayes or, as an alternative, the first phrase of the sugges tion made by Mr. Riefler. Mr. Williams said that the materials he had gathered for this meeting corroborated what Mr. Young had presented on the economic situation, and he would not repeat except to mention a few specific instances to sharpen the picture. Department store sales had slumped during the past two weeks but store officials were now expecting dollar volume for this year to total about the same as in 1956. Sentiment among seven business economists from whom information had been obtained on Third District business trends could be summarized as "murky weather and a falling barometer," Mr. Williams said. There was a general line of pessimism perhaps the most discouraging aspect incoming orders. The gimmicks that had of which was the decline in tried for stimulating business had not succeeded. In general, been output was expected, although currently no serious decline in total This perhaps re were quite pessimistic. the business economists to see any stimulus that would lift output flected an inability within the next few months.
After citing comments of a number of the individual busi ness economists, Mr. Williams said that bankers expected some fall off in loans but not too great a decline. Some large bankers had been paring their loans on a selective basis as a matter of policy. To some extent the reduction in outstanding bank loans since mid summer of this year reflected the use of proceeds of new securities sales. Mr. Williams also mentioned a report of a moderate increase in demand for home loans, although it was expected that total loan demand would decline seasonally or possibly somewhat more than seasonally in the first part of 1958. With respect to monetary policy, Mr. Williams said he felt that the bill rate should be around a 3 per cent rate structure. The reserve position of banks should not be eased enough to en courage any boom in the Government securities market, although re serves ought to be available. On the proposed rewording of the directive, Mr. Williams thought there was a little to be said in favor of the suggestion Mr. Hayes had made. The suggestion of Mr. Riefler incorporating the words "to promote recovery in the economy" would seem to call for positive action, and Mr. Williams felt that for the present the Committee should be playing by ear. Mr. Bryan said that his only comment specifically on the freeze that had occurred since District related to the severe Sixth great damage to vegetable and which had caused the preceding meeting,
crops and citrus groves in Florida. This would cause a reduction in Florida agricultural income, but Mr. Bryan thought that for the district as a whole it would not be a particularly severe factor. The over-all appraisal of the situation, he said, was that the Atlanta District was still operating at a high level, but the down ward tilt in the district's economy was becoming, over all, more pronounced. With respect to national policy, Mr. Bryan then made a state ment substantially as follows: It appears that we are confronted with a problem of adjusting policy to an immediately current and deteriorat ing economic situation, at the same time facing the fact that the longer-run economic problem may still be one of an inflationary bias in the economy. The latter problem is complicated by a question to which we do not now, and probably cannot for a number of months, know the answer, namely, the impact of an almost certainly increased national defense outlay. The latter problem becomes very complex to my mind because we cannot now know the amount, manner of financing, or timing of the increased defense outlay. In this situation, it seems to me that our wisest course is to adapt policy to the currently available economic data. The greater danger, it seems to me, would lie in attempting to adjust monetary policy to elements national policy that, at the moment, are indeterminate of and hypothetical. I believe, can play its most effec Monetary policy, tive role in a downturn if monetary ease is injected during downward movement rather than after a the early stages of a under way and its effects are accumulative. recession is well I am of the opinion that the On the basis of that thought, minimum adequacy to the policy has had, at best, System's developing situation. has added to banking reserves in Thus far, the System and above the seasonal drain. The a modest amount over
amount has been insufficient to affect even prime rates at commercial banks, let alone the general structure of bank rates. Among bank borrowers it has affected only the relatively few that have rates tied to the discount rate. Thus rates in the capital markets have dropped sub stantially but more as a result, it seems to me, of seasonal factors, speculative activity, rumors, and ex pectations rather than as a result of System action to make funds actually more available. I suspect the price rally in the capital markets has been too rapid and in supportable for long, unless the System actually moves to increase the availability of bank reserves. I would regard a situation in which there were a capital market reversal, or ease simply by an accumulative weakening of the economic situation, to be dangerous at this time. I attach great significance to the fact that, as of November 27, the private money supply (demand deposits and currency) was 0.4 per cent below its level a year ago. Total member bank reserves in November averaged 1.1 per cent below the average of November 1956. What is happening, therefore, is that in the face of a now clearly perceptible economic downturn, our ef fective policy, whatever our intentions, has been to allow a reserve base providing for no growth whatever in the economy. I believe it clear that the continua tion of such policy must finally be an important causa tive factor in promoting a serious recession. Accordingly, I would advocate at this time the use of the Open Market instrument to provide for the remainder of December an amount of reserves clearly greater than those required by the year-end increase of loans and cur rency drain. Mr. Bryan went on to say that the Committee's directive was to the present situation. He would favor clearly not appropriate r In response to a question Mr. Riefle had made. the suggestion that he was not prepared to Martin, Mr. Bryan said that from Chairman for net borrowed reserves to be used as a benchmark state a figure towards zero. would tend downward but that he certainly
Mr. Szymczak said that Mr. Bryan had delivered his speech. He thought the Committee would be back during the second quarter of next year doing the reverse of what it was now doing, but he favored what was now being done. As for the discount window, its use should be in accordance with the Board's Regulation A. As for the amount of reserves to be provided by the Open Market Account, he would provide reserves as permitted by the tone of the market, rates, and other factors in moving downward toward zero net borrowed reserves. As to the directive, he thought the wording suggested by Mr. Riefler more realistic than the others. He would accept the recommendation of Mr. Hayes because he thought it meant exactly what Mr. Riefler had proposed, but he thought Mr. Riefler's represented a more realistic approach. Chairman Martin noted that this was the last meeting of the year 1957, and he said that he hoped the Committee would forgive for taking this opportunity to make a few comments not specifically him was at hand. Christmas time always made him cheerful, germane to what he said at this time should be and perhaps anything cheerful that discounted because it might be Christmas cheer. Chairman Martin said that he In preparation for this meeting, meetings held during this period a year had read the minutes of the period, and it was his thinking at that had tried to review ago. He that he had a position oneself into thinking very easy to rationalize
that he had not expressed at the time. However, he really was more optimistic at present than he was at this time a year ago. This did not mean that he did not think we were going to have a very difficult Congressional session, and there were many problems ahead for which the answers were not apparent. He recalled, however, that a year ago his thinking was along the line that there were so many chickens of inflation getting loose around the yard that it looked as though we would get into a hopeless situation and the chickens would all come back to roost at the same time. These chickens of inflation are coming home to roost now, the Chairman said, but he did not think they were coming back in a way that would make it completely hopeless to keep the henhouse in order. Chairman Martin said that all of us would differ over the usefulness of money and credit policy. At the moment, he thought we were dealing in minor differences around the table. His own position was quite clear. He was on the side of moving towards zero free re serves. This seemed to him consistent and he believed that it would a sloppy money market. There was a recognition around not create the table of the problems of the Manager of the System Account and that he should be given the maximum latitude in a general view Chairman recalled his first Christmas carrying on operations. The when a very difficult period developed. with the Federal Reserve, That had not been a happy experience from his point of view, but
he said that he learned a great deal at the time and he was con vinced that the Manager of the System Account should be given all the latitude possible at this particular time of year. The Chairman said that he differed with the suggestions that had been made that the Committee keep an even keel because he did not think we could keep an even keel at this time. The Committee either had to proceed in an orderly manner with its policy and trend in one direction, or it would not proceed at all to make its words and its policies meaningful. Chairman Martin said he wished to say a word again about posture. In the early stages of this year, from the time the Fed eral budget got out of hand and it became clear that we were in an on-again-off-again budget and that inflation was getting ahead of that had worried him most was that it appeared that us, the thing the System was the only instrument of Government that was fighting could be over-stated, but by July of this year the inflation. This assumed in the eyes of the public the position System had gradually the only agency fighting inflation. Despite the judg that it was System's efforts might not be very important in the ment that the to underestimate the forces there could be a tendency whole picture, of the System. past summer, Chairman Martin said he was quite During the into the role of being a crusader that the System might get worried
against inflation and that it would not be able to reverse its posture in time to make a general contribution to economic policy. Now, he thought that perhaps by an accident of the economy, the System's posture had been reversed in the nick of time. He thought that the diagnosis of an illness was important. He did not think that what the System was now doing was in the nature of giving a hypodermic but rather was more in the nature of a sedative. If he thought a hypodermic was needed, he woul be in favor of a different approach from that we had taken. He also questioned whether our situation was similar to that of 1953. He thought that the deficit financing that might be in the offing would not be an important factor at the moment. It might become so later, but for the moment any effects from that source were pretty minor. He noted that in order to make deficit financing effective it would be necessary to let contracts and to know where to spend the money if, when a downturn was on us, it was to have a major effect. It would take time to spend on such projects, and this was where economic planners got into difficulty: they would have ideas and they would have projects, but the timing What he wanted to say at the moment was that it gave difficulty. to have the right posture. It is was very important for the System true that we have been telling the public for a long time that just to appear, and it is true we are now facing was bound the situation
that the System has encouraged some of the adjustments that are now occurring. Some of these adjustments had to come, and the Chairman thought they were coming and would come very quickly in the discount markets. He noted that there wer quoted and unquoted prices and expressed the view that the price adjustments in the offing might become very dramatic. A major concern was also with borrowed money, Chairman Martin said, because the likelihood of some scandal occurring was increased when borrowed money was involved. He did not refer to a scandal in dishonesty but he illustrated his thought by citing the building of a $200 million operation with $25,000 of capital and the weaknesses that were likely to result but which did not appear until the operation got into trouble. Without making a business forecast, the Chairman reiterated that it seemed to him that the posture of the System must be very clear at this time if it was to fulfill the role of wanting to minister to the patient in every way it could, of not contributing to unemployment, and of not taking the line that unemployment was desirable. It might be that unemployment was inevitable. the Chair man said, but the Federal Reserve should never lose sight of the fact unemployed is in a special category. Here we that the man who is come to the crucial problem of the "haves" and the "have nots." The and who can not sell is in a who has been out beating the bushes man who, for example, are in Government different category from those
service. There was a crucial problem in this particular area and it involved noblesse oblige. There were differences among the members of the Committee, the Chairman noted, and it was healthy to have such differences. Minority views should be encouraged at all times throughout the System although the System should try to develop a policy and to have that policy criticized and subjected to testing. He thought it very important that the Committee bear in mind, however, that there must be a positive, constructive approach on the part of the Federal Reserve System regardless of whether the public blamed it or criticized it. So far as diagnosing the patient, there were those chickens coming home to roost, Chairman Martin said. In his opinion, they were the chickens of inflation. It was too bad that the inflation got out of hand to the extent that it did. The Fed eral Reserve was not without blame, but it did the best it could with money and credit policy under all circumstances. At this time, however, Chairman Martin said he believed it terribly important that the posture of the System be one of sympathy and of wanting to At the same time, it should not be a policy of help the patient. softness. his statement with the comment Chairman Martin concluded today came out with the majority that it appeared that the Committee Mr. Hayes had presented. he agreed, that the line, with which taking the wording of the clause (b) of for a change in This would call
directive to be issued to the New York Bank which might be accomplished by a combination of the individual suggestions as proposed by Mr. Robertson, so as to have the clause call for "cushioning adjustments and mitigating recessionary tendencies. Chairman Martin said he thought the majority of the Committee to be in favor of a moderate reserve trend toward zero, although he recognized that minority dissents on the parts of Messrs. Allen, Irons, Robertson, and Shepardson had been indicated. Mr. Shepardson said that to clarify his position, he had stated that he believed the Committee should hold a taut rein on the situation but he had also said he would change the wording of the directive to call for cushioning the adjustments that were taking place. This would imply that the Committee's operations would make some adjustments in the reserve position of banks. Chairman Martin then inquired whether, in so far as the directive was concerned, there was any member of the Committee who would disagree changing the wording of clause (b) of paragraph 1 of the directive with operations with a view, among other things, "to cushioning to call for recessionary tendencies in the economy." adjustments and mitigating indicated that they would dissent of the members of the Committee None from the adoption of this wording. whether any of the members of the Chairman Martin also inquired that he had made that with the summary statement Committee would differ zero free reserves. trending toward favored a moderate a majority
Mr. Shepardson said that he had suggested maintaining a taut rein, but he would not take exception to the statement to which Chair man Martin had just referred. Mr. Irons said that he would indicate a mild dissent to trending toward zero free reserves. Mr. Robertson said that the Chairman's summary covered his views. Chairman Martin suggested that in the absence of other comments it would be understood that the directive with the revised wording agreed upon would be approved and the summary that he had given of the views of the Committee would be accepted. Thereupon, upon motion duly made and seconded, the Committee voted unanimously to direct the Federal Reserve Bank of New York until otherwise directed by the Com mittee: (1) To make such purchases, sales, or exchanges (in cluding replacement of maturing securities, and allowing maturities to run off without replacement) for the System open market account in the open market or, in the case of maturing securities, by direct exchange with the Treasury, as may be necessary in the light of current and prospective economic conditions and the general credit situation of the country, with a view (a) to relating the supply of funds in the market to the needs of commerce and business, (b) to cushioning adjustments and mitigating recessionary tendencies in the economy, and (c) to the practical administration of provided that the aggregate amount of securities the account; held in the System account (including commitments for the purchase or sale of securities for the account) at the close of this date, other than special short-term certificates of purchased from time to time for the temporary indebtedness shall not be increased or accommodation of the Treasury, decreased by more than $1 billion;
(2) To purchase direct from the Treasury for the account of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (with discretion, in cases where it seems desirable, to issue participations to one or more Federal Reserve Banks) such amounts of special short-term certificates of in debtedness as may be necessary from time to time for the temporary accommodation of the Treasury; provided that the total amount of such certificates held at any one time by the Federal Reserve Banks shall not exceed in the aggregate $500 million; (3) To sell direct to the Treasury from the System account for gold certificates such amounts of Treasury securities maturing within one year as may be necessary from time to time for the accommodation of the Treasury; provided that the total amount of such securities so sold shall not exceed in the aggregate $500 million face amount, and such sales shall be made as nearly as may be practicable at the prices currently quoted in the open market. Chairman Martin referred to a draft of letter to Congressman Abraham J. Multer that had been prepared in accordance with the discus sion at the meeting on December 3 of Mr. Multer's request of November 22, 1957, for information on operations of dealers in Government securi ties. He noted that the draft reply had been circulated to the members of the Committee, and he inquired whether there were any suggestions for change. Mr. Hayes said he had no suggestions for change in the letter. He Multer raised a question in however, that the answer to Congressman added, Committee was getting all the information from his mind as to whether the securities that it needed for its own purposes, and dealers in Government might be given to this question by the he suggested that consideration Special Committee. change in the letter. had no suggestion for Allen said that he Mr. Multer was Congressman whether the information inquired, however, He
requesting had been disclosed to representatives of Congressman Patman when they visited the New York Bank recently. Mr. Rouse stated that he was not at the Bank at the time Mr. Patman's representatives made their visit but that it was his understanding that the information was not disclosed to them. They were aware before coming to the Bank that Government securities dealers furnished this type of information to the New York Bank. Mr. Leedy raised a question as to the sentence in the draft letter that indicated Congressman Multer might request individual dealers in Government securities to furnish information that might assist him in his inquiry and, after discussion as to whether such a suggestion should be made, it was agreed that the sentence in slightly revised form should be included. Thereupon, a letter to Congressman Abraham J. Multer prepared for Chairman Martin's signature was approved unani mously in the following form: Your letter of November 22, 1957 was taken up at the latest meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee. It was the view of the Committee that, inasmuch as the daily reports of dealers' operations in U. S. Government securi ties are furnished by the dealers on a purely voluntary basis and in the strictest confidence, it would not be within the discretion of the Federal Open Market Committee or the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to disclose in received in connection with these reports. formation Should you wish to do so, you could of course direct your request to the individual dealers in Government securi ties. Mr. Robertson referred to the System Committee for the Study of meeting of the Federal discussion at the pursuant to the Float appointed
Open Market Committee on August 7, 1956 (Messrs. Erickson, Johns, and Robertson, Chairman). At the Open Market meeting on May 7, 1957, he (Mr. Robertson) had reported that the Committee on Float had received a document from its subcommittee and that it expected to distribute copies of its report shortly. Subsequently, the report of the System Committee for the Study of Float dated May 31, 1957 was submitted, and that report was considered by the Conference of Presidents of the Fed eral Reserve Banks on June 17, 1957. Mr. Robertson went on to say that the System Committee for the Study of Float also had prepared a report dated December 16, 1957, addressed to "The Members of the Board of Governors and the Presidents of all Federal Reserve Banks." The report had been addressed in that fashion because it referred in part to policy matters for consideration by the Federal Open Market Com and in part to operating matters pertaining to check collection mittee reference to the impact of float on open market opera as such without Robertson said that the Committee recommended: tions. Mr. Market Committee determine certain 1. That the Open questions listed in the report and give the Manage policy directives as Open Market Account appropriate ment of the take with respect to float; and to the approach it should studies referred to in the program 2. That the other Committee's report of May 31, 1957, be submitted with the committees of of the appropriate made under the direction the Presidents' Conference. 16, 1957 report of the System stating that the December After distributed by the Secretary of Float would be Committee for the Study
of the Open Market Committee in the usual manner, Mr. Robertson said that in a separate report dated November 14, 1957, the Subcommittee on Float recommended a change in the information telegraphed daily by the individual Federal Reserve Banks to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to provide the Open Market Account Management with data on float, reserves, and borrowings. A draft letter embodying such recommendations, which letter would supersede the letter from the Board of Governors to the Federal Reserve Banks dated August 7, 1957, was distributed at this point, and Mr. Robertson said that the Com mittee for the Study of Float recommended that the Board send the proposed letter promptly, requesting that the revised procedure for reporting figures be put into effect, if practicable, beginning with the figures for Thursday, December 26, 1957. He went on to say that the proposal for reporting data was still experimental although it had been cleared with a number of the Federal Reserve Banks and that it could be changed at any time that a change seemed desirable. Mr. Mills inquired whether there was any risk that the operating officers of the Federal Reserve Banks might feel that they were having forced on them without previous review a revision in the procedure for reporting the data concerned, and in response several of the Reserve did not see any objection to send Bank Presidents indicated that they ing out the letter in the proposed form. was sent out his Bank stated that if the letter Mr. Bryan information as requested. to furnish the course, do its best would, of
However, he wished to say that he was opposed to this whole approach. He felt this a typical System mechanism by which we take up little problems while avoiding fundamental problems. The fundamental problem here was the degree to which the Open Market Account should attempt to adjust its operations to changes in float and similar influences. This was a problem on which the Committee had not come to a decision. Mr. Robertson said that the Committee for the Study of Float hoped that the recommendations in its report, which was being distrib uted by the Secretary, would result in having the Federal Open Market Committee come to grips with this problem at an early date. Cnairman Martin suggested that the Committee approve the send ing by the Board of Governors of the proposed letter, with the under standing that the Federal Reserve Banks would start furnishing the information in the new form beginning with figures for Thursday, December 26, 1957, if practicable, and in any event not later than January 9, 1958. This suggestion was approved unanimously. Note: The letter was sent Secretary's later in the day by the Board of Governors to the Presidents of all Federal Reserve Banks except New York, with a copy to New York. A copy has been placed in the files of the Federal Open Market Committee. that the next meeting of the Committee would be It was agreed scheduled for 10:00 a.m. on Tuesday, January 7, 1958. Martin referred to the proceedings of the Tribunal Chairman the alleged leakage of information up by Parliament to inquire into set
about the September 19 increase from 5 to 7 per cent in Bank rate of the Bank of England. He noted that the proceedings, which com menced at the Church House, Westminster, London, on Monday, Decem ber 2, 1957, were being reported in detail in The Times and sug gested that they would be of interest to many persons within the Federal Reserve System because of the problem that was raised of possible conflicts of interest. The Chairman also said that the proceedings before the three-man Tribunal should impress all of those attending the Open Market meetings with the necessity for keeping matters discussed at these meetings completely confidential. Thereupon the meeting adjourned. Secretary s Note: Chairman Martin then referred to a wire which he had sent to the Chairmen of all Federal Reserve Banks on December 10, 1957, concerning a draft letter which the Secretary of the Treasury planned to send to the Small Business Administration regarding financial problems of small busi ness, and there followed a discussion of the views that had been expressed by a number of the Reserve Banks in reply to the inquiry. Secretary
Also: Record of Policy Actions